Sheep and goat feeding behavior profile in grazing systems

Tairon Pannunzio Dias e Silva; Adibe Luiz Abdalla Filho

doi:10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.51265

Tairon Pannunzio Dias e Silva Instituto Federal do Amazonas
Adibe Luiz Abdalla Filho Universidade de São Paulo

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.51265

Palavras-chave: daily activities; grazing habits; ingestive behavior; intake rate; pasture management.

Resumo

Feeding behavior analysis provides information about the relationships between animals and pastures. Therefore, this review aims to describe some aspects of the feeding behavior profiles of both sheep and goats in grazing systems. The structure of the pasture is a key factor in the feeding behavior of grazing animals. The amount of feed consumed in a given period of time is affected by the number of meals, duration and velocity of swallowing, changes in grazing time, bite rate, bite weight, and quality of ingested forage. The different phenological stages of forage also influence the animals’ strategies to optimize their intake, which consequently changes their behavioral activities. Sheep and goats tend to be more selective than cattle, and young animals are more selective than older animals; this selectivity characteristic is one of the most important aspects to be observed in pasture management. According to the degree of selectivity, the animals will intake forages of higher or lower nutritive quality. In addition, the intensity and distribution of their daily activities (grazing, ruminating, and resting) are influenced by several factors, such as the availability and nutritive value of the pasture, its management, the animal activity in the group, and the predominant climatic conditions of the region.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

Abijaoudé, J. A., Morand-Fehr, P., Tessier, J., Schmidely, P., & Sauvant, D. (2000). Diet effect on the daily feeding behaviour, frequency and characteristics of meals in dairy goats. Livestock Science, 64(1), 29-37. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00173-1

Agreil, C., & Meuret, M. (2004). An improved method for quantifying intake rate and ingestive behaviour of ruminants in diverse and variable habitats using direct observation. Small Ruminant Research, 54(1-2), 99-113. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2003.10.013

Animut, G., & Goetsch, A. L. (2008). Co-grazing of sheep and goats: benefits and constraints. Small Ruminant Research, 77(2-3), 127-145. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.03.012

Barroso, F. G., Alados, C. L., & Boza, J. (2000). Social hierarchy in the domestic goat: Effect on food habits and production. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 69(1), 35-53. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00113-1

Barthram, G. T. (1981). Sward structure and the depth of grazed horizon. Grass and Forage Science, 36, 130-131. doi: 134928061

Bartocci, S., Amici, A., Verna, M., Terramoccia, S., & Martillotti, F. (1997). Solid and fluid passage rate in buffalo, cattle and sheep fed with diets with different forage to concentrate ratios. Livestock Science, 52(3), 201-208. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(97)00132-2

Bremm, C., Rocha, M. G., Ristle, J., Freitas, F. K, Maraci, S., Roso, D., & Roman, J. (2005). Efeito de níveis de suplementação sobre o comportamento ingestivo de bezerras em pastagem de aveia (Avena strigosa Schreb.) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Revista Brasileira Zootecnia, 34(2), 387-397. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982005000200005

Burlison, A. J., Hodgson, J., & Illius, A. W. (1991). Sward canopy structure and the bite dimensions and bite weight of grazing sheep. Grass and Forage Science, 46, 29-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1991.tb02205.x

Cardoso, R. R., Sousa, L. F., Ferreira, A. C. H., Neiva, J. N. M., Ferreira, D. A. & Silva, A. G. M. (2019). Ingestive behavior of sheep on Massai grass under different pre-grazing heights under rotational stocking. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 20, 1-12. doi: 10.1590/s1519-9940200152019

Champion, R. A., Rutter, S. M., & Penning, P. D. (1997). An automatic system to monitor lying, standing and walking behaviour of grazing animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 54(4), 291-305. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01210-5

Confortin, A. C. C., Bremm, C., Rocha, M. G., Silva, J. H. S., Elejald, D. D. G., Camargo, D. G., & Rosa, A. T. N. (2010). Padrões de comportamento ingestivo de cordeiras recebendo ou não suplemento em pastagem de milheto. Ciencia Rural, 40(12), 2555-2561. doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782010005000194

El Aich, A., El Assouli N., Fathi, A., Morand-Fehr, P., & Bourbouze A. (2007). Ingestive behavior of goats grazing in the southwestern Argan (Argania spinosa) forest of Morocco. Small Ruminant Research, 70(2-3), 248-256. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.03.011

Flores, R. E., Laca, E. A., & Griggs, T. C. (1993). Sward height and vertical morphological differentiation determine cattle bite dimensions. Agronomy Journal, 85(3), 527-532. doi: 10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500030001x

Fraser, A. F. (1983). The behaviour of maintenance and the intensive husbandry of cattle, sheep and pigs. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 9(1), 1-23. doi: 10.1016/0167-8809(83)90002-6

Glienke, C. L., Rocha, M. G., Pötter, L., Roso, D., Montagner, D. B., & Oliveira Neto, R. A. (2016). Canopy structure, ingestive behavior and displacement patterns of beef heifers grazing warm-season pastures. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 68(2), 457-465. doi: 10.1590/1678-4162-8230

Goetsch, A. L., Gipson, T. A., Askar, A. R., & Puchala, R. (2010). Invited review: feeding behavior of goats. Journal of Animal Science, 88(1), 361-373. doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-2332

Hendricksen, R., & Minson, D. J. (1980). The intake and grazing behaviour of cattle grazing a crop of Lablab purpureus cv. Rongai. Journal of Agricultural Science, 95(3), 547-554. doi: 10.1017/S0021859600087955

Hodgson, J. (1985). The control of herbage intake in the grazing ruminant. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 44(2), 339-346. doi: 10.1079/PNS19850054

Hodgson, J. (1990). Grazing management: science into practice. Longman scientific and technical. London, UK: Longman Group.

Koluman, N., Boga, M., Silanikove, N., & Gorgulu, M. (2016). Performance and eating behaviour of crossbred goats in Mediterranean climate of Turkey. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 45(12), 768-772. doi: 10.1590/s1806-92902016001200006

Lachica, M., & Aguilera, J. F. (2005). Energy expenditure of walk in grassland for small ruminants. Small Ruminant Research, 59(2-3), 105-121. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.05.002

Li, Z. (2013). Sex-age related rumination behavior of Pe’re David’s deer under constraints of feeding habitat and rainfall. Plos One, 8, e66261. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066261

Medeiros, R. B., Pedroso, C. E., Jornada, J. B. J., Silva, M. A., & Saibro, J. C. (2007). Comportamento ingestivo de ovinos no período diurno em pastagem de azevém anual em diferentes estádios fenológicos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 36(1), 198-204. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982007000100024

Moreno, B., & Mitzi, G. (2008). Pastagens para ovinos e caprinos. Revista O berro, 111, 48-55. http://www.revistaberro.com.br/?pages=edicoes_anteriores/listar&id=111

Mphinyane, W. N., Tacheba, G., & Makore, J. (2015). Seasonal diet preference of cattle, sheep and goats grazing on the communal grazing rangeland in the Central District of Botswana. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(29), 2791-2803. doi: 10.5897/AJAR2014.9157

Mysterud, A. (2000). Diet overlap among ruminants in Fennoscandia. Oecologia, 124, 130–137. DOI: 10.1007/s004420050032

Newman, J. A., Parsons, A. J., & Penning, P. D. (1994). A note on the behavioral strategies used by grazing animals to alter their intake rates. Grass and Forage Science, 49(4), 502-505. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb02028.x

Ouéndro-Koné, S., Kaboré-Zoungrana, C. Y., & Ledi, I. (2006). Behaviour of goats, sheep and cattle on natural pasture in the sub-humid zone of West Africa. Livestock Science, 105, 244-252. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2006.06.010

Palhano, A. L., Carvalho, P. C. F., & Barreto, M. Z. (2002). Influência da estrutura da pastagem na geometria do bocado e nos processos de procura e manipulação da forragem. Tuiuti: Ciência e Cultura, 2(31), 33-52. Recovered from https://seer.utp.br/index.php/h/article/view/1419

Papachristou, T. G., Platis, P. D., & Nastis, A. S. (2005). Foraging behaviour of cattle and goats in oak forest stands of varying coppicing age in Northern Greece. Small Ruminant Research, 59(2-3), 181-189. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.05.006

Patra, A. K., Puchala, R., Detweiler, G., Dawson, L. J., Sahlu, T., & Goetsch, A. L. (2008). Technical Note: Effects of tethering on forage selection, intake, and digestibility, grazing behavior, and energy expenditure by Boer × Spanish goats grazing high quality forage. Journal of Animal Science, 86(5), 1245-1253. doi: 10.2527/jas.2007-0644

Pedroso, C. E. S., Medeiros, R. B., & Silva, M. A. (2004). Comportamento de ovinos em gestação e lactação sob pastejo em diferentes estádios fenológicos de azevém anual. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 33(5), 1340-1344. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982004000500028

Penning, P. D., Parsons, A. J., & Orr, R. J. (1994). Intake and behaviour responses by sheep to changes in sward characteristics under rotational grazing. Grass and Forage Science, 49, 476- 486. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb02025.x

Penning, P. D., Parsons, A. J., Orr, R. J., & Treacher, T. (1991). Intake and behaviour responses by sheep to changes in sward characteristics under continuous stocking. Grass and Forage Science, 46(1), 15-28. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1991.tb02204.x

Pérez-Barbería, F. J., Gordon, I. J., & Nores, C. (2001) Evolutionary transitions among feeding style and habitats in ungulates. Evol utionary Ecology Research, 3, 221–230.

Pines, M. K., & Phillips, C. J. C. (2013). Microclimatic conditions and their effects on sheep behavior during a live export shipment from Australia to the Middle East. Journal of Animal Science, 91(9), 4406-4416. doi: 10.2527/jas.2012-5614

Pompeu, R. C. F. F., Rogério, M. C. P., Cândido, M. J. D., Neiva, J. N. M., Guerra, J. L. L., & Gonçalves, J. S. (2009). Comportamento de ovinos em capim-tanzânia sob lotação rotativa com quatro níveis de suplementação concentrada. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 38(2), 374-383. 10.1590/S1516-35982009000200022

Poppi, D. P., Hughes, T. P., & L’Huillier, P. J. (1987). Intake of pasture by grazing ruminants. In: A. M. Nicol (Ed.), Livestock feeding on pasture (p. 55-64). Halminton, NZ: New Zealand Society of Animal Production.

Sanon, H. O., Kaboré-Zoungrana, C., & Ledin, I. (2007). Behaviour of goats, sheep and cattle and their selection of browse species on natural pasture in a Sahelian area. Small Ruminant Research, 67(1), 64-74. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.09.025

Santos, M. E. R., Silveira, M. C. T., Gomes, V. M., Fonseca, D. M., Sousa, B. M. L., & Santos, A. D. D. (2013). Pasture height at the beginning of deferment as a determinant of signal grass structure and potential selectivity by cattle. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Science, 35(4), 379-385. doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i4.20421

Schlecht, E., Dickhoefer, U., Gupertsberger, E., & Buerkert, A. (2009). Grazing itineraries and forage selection of goats in the Al Jabal al Akhdar mountain range of northern Oman. Journal of Arid Environments, 73(3), 355–363. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.10.013.

Sharma, K., Saini, A. L. Singh, N., & Ogra, J. L. (1998). Seasonal variations in grazing behaviour and forage nutrient utilization by goats on a semi-arid reconstituted silvipasture. Small Ruminant Research, 27(1), 47-54. doi: 10.1016/S0921-4488(97)00024-2

Silva, R. R., Prado, I. N., Carvalho, G. G. P., Santana Jr., H. A., Silva, F. F., & Dias, D. L. S. (2008). Efeito da utilização de três intervalos de observações sobre a precisão dos resultados obtidos no estudo do comportamento ingestivo de vacas leiteiras em pastejo. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 9(2), 319-326. Recovered from https://www.revistas.ufg.br/vet/article/view/1205/3704

Silva, T. P. D., Marques, C. A. T., Torreão, J. N. C., Bezerra, L. R., Araújo, M. J., & Lima, L. A. (2016). Effect of concentrate supplementation and time scales of evaluation on behavioral and physiological responses of pregnant ewes on grazing system. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Science, 38(1), 77-86. doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v38i1.28748

Silva, T. P. D., Pereira, A. M., Rocha, J. S., Silva, A., Honorato-Sampaio, K., & Costa, A. P. R. (2013). Efeito da época do ano e período do dia sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos de ovelhas Morada Nova na microrregião do alto médio Gurguéia. UNOPAR Cientifíca. Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, 15(4), 287-290.

Silva, G. P., Fialho, C. A., Carvalho, L. R., Fonseca, L., Carvalho, P. C. F., Bremm, C., & Silva, S. C. (2017). Sward structure and short-term herbage intake in Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte subjected to varying intensities of grazing. Journal of Agricultural Science, 156(1), 92-99. doi: 10.1017/S0021859617000855

Silva, T. P. D., Marques, C. A. T. Torreão, J. N. C., Bezerra, L. R., Araújo, M. J., Gottardi, F. P., ... Oliveira, R. L. (2015). Ingestive behaviour of grazing ewes given two levels of concentrate. South African Journal of Animal Science, 45(2), 180-187. doi: 10.4314/SAJAS.V45I2.9

Stobbs, T. H. (1973). The effect of plant structure on the intake of tropical pastures. I. Variation in the bites size of the grazing cattle. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 24(6), 809-819. doi: 10.1071/AR9730809

Stobbs, T. H. (1974). Rate of biting by Jersey cows as influenced by the yield maturity of pasture swards. Tropical Grasslands, 8(2), 81-86. Recovered from https://www.tropicalgrasslands.info/public/journals/4/Historic/Tropical%20Grasslands%20Journal%20archive/titles%20only/early%20vol%20pdfs/Vol%208%20No%202/Vol%208%20%5B2%5D%20Paper%202%20Stobbs.pdf

Van Soest, P. J. (1994). Nutritional ecology of the ruminant (2nd ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Welch, J. G., & Hooper, A. P. (1993). Ingestion of feed and water. In: D. C. Church (Ed.), The ruminant animal: digestive physiology and nutrition (p. 108-116). New Jersey, NY: Reston Book.