The effects of intratesticular injection of sodium chloride on liveweights, reproductive characteristics, and histological appearance of testes in goat kids
Resumo
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of intratesticular injection (ITI) of sodium chloride (NaCl) at two different concentrations for supressing reproductive development in goat kids at two months of age. The experiment was carried out at the experimental unit of Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Çine Vocational School, located in Çine, Aydın, Turkey. The experimental groups were control (C, n = 9), a single ITI of 20% NaCl (T1, n = 8) or 40% NaCl (T2, n = 8). The growth, reproductive characteristics, and histological appearance of the testis in the kids were examined up to nine months of age in different periods. The live weights, scrotal circumference, semen and sexual behavior characteristics were not different among groups. The histogical findings were observed in both testes at nine months of age. Greater intensity of destruction was observed in the testes of T1 and T2 kids than that of C kids. High levels of tubular degeneration were detected in testicular tissue samples in T1 and T2 groups. Based on the results, however, it was concluded that neither 20 nor 40% concentrations of NaCl did ensure the castration effect in the goat kids.
Downloads
Referências
Ahmad, N., & Noakes, D. E. (1996). Sexual maturity in British breeds of goat kids. British Veterinary Journal, 152, 93-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1935(96)80089-3
Becker, J., Doherr, M. G., Bruckmaier, R. M., Bodmer, M., Zanolari, P., & Steiner, A. (2012). Acute and chronic pain in calves after different methods of rubber-ring castration. The Veterinary Journal, 194(3), 380-385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.04.022
Canpolat, I., Karabulut, E., & Eroksuz, Y. (2016). Chemical castration of adult and non-adult male dogs with sodium chloride solution. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 9(12), 9-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-0912010911
Creasy, D., Bube, A., Rijk, E. D., Kandori, H., Kuwahara, M., Masson, R., … Whitney, K. (2012). Proliferative and nonproliferative lesions of the rat and mouse male reproductive system. Toxicologic Pathology, 40(6 suppl), 40-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192623312454337
Crossmon, G., (1937). Modification of Mallory’s connective tissue stain with a discussion of the principles involved. The Anatomical Record, 69, 33-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090690105
Daley, D. A., Adams, T. E., Daley, C. A., Patton, W. R., & Evens, J. L. (1995). Effects of immunocastration on growth, carcass characteristics and reproductive development in ram lambs. Sheep and Goat Research Journal, 11, 31-34.
Emir, L., Dadalı, M., Sunay, M., Demokan, E., Çaydere, M., & Üstün, H. (2008). Chemical castration with intratesticular injection of 20% hypertonic saline: A minimally invasive method. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, 26(4), 392-396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2007.05.013
Emir, L., Sunay, M., Yalbuzdağ, O., Karakaya, Y., & Demokan, E. (2011). Hormonal and pathologic changes after chemoablation of testes with hypertonic saline solution as a treatment method alternative to orchiectomy in patients with hormone sensitive metastatic prostatic cancer. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, 29(2), 212-217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.12.021
Faucette, A. N., Maher, V. A., Gutierrez, M. A., Jucker, J. M., Yates, D. C., Welsh, T. H. Jr, …Forrest, D. W. (2014). Temporal changes in histomorphology and gene expression in goat testes during postnatal development. Journal of Animal Science, 92(10), 4440-4448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-7903
Gallego-Calvo, L., Gatica, M. C., Santiago-Moreno, J., Guzmán, J. L., & Zarazaga, L. A. (2015). Seasonal changes in reproductive activity, sperm variables and sperm freezability in Blanca Andaluza bucks. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(4), e0403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015134-8168
Gökdal, Ö., Atay, O., Ülker, H., Kayaardı, S., Kanter, M., DeAvila, D. M, & Reeves, J. J. (2010). The effects of immunological castration against GnRH with recombinant OL protein (Ovalbumin-LHRH-7) on carcass and meat quality characteristics, histological appearance of testes and pituitary gland in Kıvırcık male lambs. Meat Science, 86(3), 692-698. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.06.006
Gopinath, C., & Mowat, V. (2014). The male reproductive system. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-998-7_6
Haddad, S. G., Husein, M. Q., & Sweidan, R. W. (2006). Effects of castration on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Awassi lambs fed high concentrate diet. Small Ruminant Research, 65(1-2), 149-153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.05.029
Kwak, B. K., Lee, C. S., & Lee, S. H. (2010). Histological changes in rat testis by injection of hypertonic saline. Development and Reproduction, 14(4), 281-286.
Kwak, B. K., & Lee, S. H. (2013). Intratesticular Injection of Hypertonic Saline: Non-Invasive Alternative Method for Animal Castration Model. Development and Reproduction, 17(4), 435-440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12717/DR.2013.17.4.435
Kwak, B. K., & Lee, S. H. (2017). Evaluation of Newly Developed Chemical Castration Method: Changes in Hormone Gene Expression of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis. Development & Reproduction, 21(3), 307-315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12717/DR.2017.21.3.307
Melches, S., Mellema, S. C., Doherr, M. G., Wechsler, B., & Steiner, A. (2007). Castration of lambs: A welfare comparison of different castration techniques in lambs over 10 weeks of age. The Veterinary Journal, 173(3), 554-563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.01.006
Mellema, S. C., Doherr, M. G, Wechsler, B., Thueer, S., & Steiner, A. (2006). Infuence of local anaesthesia on pain and distress induced by two bloodless castration methods in young lambs. The Veterinary Journal, 172(2), 274-283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.06.002
Needham, T., Lambrechts, H., & Hoffman, L.C. (2017). Castration of male livestock and the potential of immunocastration to improve animal welfare and production traits: Invited Review. South African Journal of Animal Science, 47(6), 731-742. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v47i6.1
Needham, T., Lambrechts, H., & Hoffman, L.C. (2019a). Influence of immunocastration vaccine administration interval on serum androgen concentrations and testis activity in ram lambs. Small Ruminant Research, 170, 82-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.11.016
Needham, T., Lambrechts, H., & Hoffman, L. C. (2019b). Influence of extending the pre-slaughter interval after second vaccination on the carcass cutting yield and the quality of meat from immunocastrated lambs. Meat Science, 148, 13-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.09.014
Neto, O. A., Gasperin, B. G., Rovani, M. T., Ilha, G. F., Nóbrega, J. E., Mondadori, R. G., …Antoniazzi, A. Q. (2014). Intratesticular hypertonic sodium chloride solution treatment as a method of chemical castration in cattle. Theriogenology, 82(7), 1007-1011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.020
Okwee-Acai, J., Ojok, L., & Acon, J. (2008). Testicular morphologic and hormonal responses to an intratesticular injection of lactic acid for induction of chemosterilisation in adult mubende goats. Asian Journal of Advanced Basic Sciences, 3, 5-11.
Oliveira, F. C., Ferreira, C. E. R., Haas, C. S., Oliveira, L. G., Mondadori, R. G., Schneider, A., … Lucia, T., Jr. (2017). Chemical castration in cattle with intratesticular injection of sodium chloride: Effects on stress and inflammatory markers. Theriogenology, 90, 114-119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.12.001
Paranzini, C. S., Cardoso, G. S., Souza, A. K., Perencin, F. M., Melanda, C. A. A., Bracarense, A. P. F. R. L, & Martins, M. I. M. (2019). Use of infrared thermography to evaluate the inflammatory reaction in cat testis after intratesticular injection of 0.9% NaCl or 20% CaCl2 with 1% lidocaine. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 71(3), 929-938. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-10741
Pereira, L. F., Dias, F. G. G., Miguel, M. P., Honsho, C. S., Tavares, D. C., Hellú, J. A. A., & Souza, F. F. (2018). Testicular histological evaluation and serum testosterone concentrations of bulls after chemical castration with calcium chloride. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 38(8), 1554-1563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-4945
Rodrigues, M. H., Costa, D. S., & Fonseca, F. A. (2012). Proliferation of seminiferous epithelium cells during the postnatal development in goats. Animal Reproduction Science, 135(1-4), 25-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.08.031
Statistical Analysis System [SAS]. (1998). User's guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Silva, R. C. A., Paranzini, C. S., Franco, L. G., Miguel, M. P., Honsho, C. S., & Souza, F. F. (2018). Calcium chloride combined with dimethyl sulphoxide for the chemical sterilization of dogs. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 53(6), 1330-1338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13252
Tekin, N., (1990). Erkek Üreme Organlarının Muayenesi (Androlojik Muayeneler) (in Turkish). In E. Alaçam (Ed.), Theriogenology (p. 53-67), Turkey, TUR: Nurol Matbaacılık A.S.
Ülker, H., Gökdal, Ö., Temur, C., Budağ, C., Oto, M., de Avila, D. M., & Reeves, J. J. (2002). The effects of immunization against LHRH on body growth and carcass characteristics in Karakaş ram lambs. Small Rumininant Research, 45(3), 273-278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(02)00153-0
Zamiri, M. J., Eilami, B., & Kianzad, M. R. (2012). Effects of castration and fattening period on growth performance and carcass characteristics in Iranian goats. Small Rumininant Research, 104(1-3), 55-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.11.008
Zedan, I. A., & Al-Badrany, M. S. (2012). Chemical castration in Local Breed Bucks. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Science, 26(Suppl 1), 5.
DECLARAÇÃO DE ORIGINALIDADE E DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Declaro que o presente artigo é original, não tendo sido submetido à publicação em qualquer outro periódico nacional ou internacional, quer seja em parte ou em sua totalidade.
Os direitos autorais pertencem exclusivamente aos autores. Os direitos de licenciamento utilizados pelo periódico é a licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0): são permitidos o compartilhamento (cópia e distribuição do material em qualqer meio ou formato) e adaptação (remix, transformação e criação de material a partir do conteúdo assim licenciado para quaisquer fins, inclusive comerciais.
Recomenda-se a leitura desse link para maiores informações sobre o tema: fornecimento de créditos e referências de forma correta, entre outros detalhes cruciais para uso adequado do material licenciado.





























