Molecular identification and phylogenetic study of Toxocara canis in domestic and stray dogs from Karbala, Iraq
Resumo
The ascarid nematode, Toxocara canis, which causes Toxocariasis in dogs, is a member of the Toxocaridae family and genus Toxocara, and that is accidentally infects humans. The study was conducted to investigate the presence of T. canis in dogs in Karbala, Iraq. The study extended from January to October, 2023. This project is the first of its kind in Iraq to molecularly detect the parasite in stray dogs in Karbala and to report its prevalence in domestic and stray dogs by utilizing conventional PCR and fecal flotation techniques while controlling for risk factors. One hundred (50 stray and 50 domestic) dog fecal samples were included. The findings revealed that 26 (26%) of the total dog fecal samples were tested positive using the PCR method. In details, the infection rate was 10% in domestic dogs and 42% in stray dogs. Moreover, the rate was 9.3 in adult dogs and 38.5% in puppies. The results showed that age, lifestyle, and infection rate all showed significantly (p < 0.01) correlated relationships in dogs. The correlation between T. canis infection rates and sex was not statistically significant (p > 0.01). The PCR-based sequencing of T. canis isolates indicated a high percentage of similarities with strains from different geographical regions. The study findings indicate higher rates of T. canis infection in adult and puppy stray dogs, explaining the extent of the infection among domestic dogs and stray dogs, using the latest laboratory methods for diagnosis PCR with the use of the phylogenetic tree to show the extent of similarity with species found in neighboring countries. The study findings are important by giving initial epidemiological data for future studies and control of the parasite.
Downloads
Referências
Al-Fatlawi, M. A., & Al-Fatlawi, H .H. (2022). COX1 gene and ITS-2 region: a comparative study of molecular diagnosis of Parabronema skrjabini in camels (Camelus dromedaries), Al-Najaf Province, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 36(1), 77-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2021.129228.1634
Al-Ukaelii, S. A., & Al-Shaeb, S. M. (1998). Statically Analysis by used SPSS program. Jordan: Al-Shoroq house for publishers and advertisement Amaan.
Arsalan, S. H., Daham, E., Al-Obaidi, Q. T., & Sulaiman, E. G. (2006). Study the percentage of infection with endo and ecto parasites in dogs in mosui / iraq. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 20(1), 125-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2006.62475
Awadallah, M. A. I., & Salem, L. M. A. (2015). Zoonotic enteric parasites transmitted from dogs in Egypt with special concern to Toxocara canis infection. Veterinary World, 8(8), 946-957. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14202%2Fvetworld.2015.946-957
Barutzki, D., & Schaper, R. (2013). Age-dependant prevalence of endoparasites in young dogs and cats up to one year of age. Parasitology Research, 112(Suppl. 1), 119-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-013-3286-6
Claerebout, E., Casaert, S., Dalemans, A.-C., Wilde, N., Levecke, B., Vercruysse, J., & Geurden, T. (2009). Giardia and other intestinal parasites in different dog populations in Northern Belgium. Veterinary Parasitology, 161(1-2), 41-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.11.024
Cringoli, G., Rinaldi, L., Maurelli, M. P., & Utzinger, J. (2010). New multivalent techniques for qualitative and quantitative copromicroscopic diagnosis of parasites in animals and humans. Nature Protocols, 5(3), 503-515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2009.235
Hade, B. F., Saadedin, S. M. K., Al-Amery, A. M. A., & Ibrahim, H. K. (2018). Sequencing and phylogenic variation of ITS-2 region and rrnL gene in Toxocara canis of Iraqi isolation. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 13(1), 71-82.
Hassan, H. F., & Barzinji, A. K. R. A. (2018). Epidemiological survey on stray dogs and cats gastro-intestinal parasites in Kirkuk province, Iraq. Kirkuk Journal of Science, 13(1), 228-238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32894/kujss.2018.143035
Hosin, A. B. (2008). Efficiency immunization peritoneally with different antigens of Toxocara canis. Toxascaris leonina aganist infection with Toxacara cati and Toxascaris leonina larvae. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 22(2), 111-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2008.5713
Hotez, P. J., Fenwick, A., Savioli, L., & Molyneux, D. H. (2009). Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases. The Lancet, 373(9674), 1570-1575. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60233-6
Ilić, T., Nišavić, U., Gajić, B., Nenadović, K., Ristić, M., Stanojević, D., & Dimitrijević, S. (2021). Prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs from public shelters in Serbia. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 76, 101653. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101653
Jarad, N., Abbas, A. K., & Aἀiz, N. N. (2019). Serodiagnosis of Toxocariasis by ELISA test using anti- T. canis IgG antibodies in stray dogs compared to PCR. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 33(2), 367-370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2019.163081
Khalil, N. K., Al-Taii, N. A., & Mahmood, N. M. (2023). Recent surveys of prevalence of Toxocara spp in humans, dogs and cats in Iraq. Online Journal of Veterinary Research, 27(7), 410-414.
Mohamad, S., Azmi, N. C., & Noordin, R. (2009). Development and evaluation of a sensitive and specific assay for diagnosis of human toxocariasis by use of three recombinant antigens (TES-26, TES-30USM, and TES-120). Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 47(6), 1712-1717. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00001-09
Okada, N., Ooi, H.-K., & Taira, K. (2021). Toxocara cati larval migration to mouse fetuses through transplacental infection. Veterinary Parasitology, 290, 109350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109350
Overgaauw, P. A. M. (1997). Prevalence of intestinal nematodes of dogs and cats in the Netherlands. Veterinary Quarterly, 19(1), 14-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1997.9694730
Overgaauw, P. A. M., & Knapen, F. (2013). Veterinary and public health aspects of Toxocara spp. Veterinary Parasitology, 193(4), 398-403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.035
Quiroz, H. (1999). Parasitología y enfermedades parasitarias de Animales Domesticos. Limusa.
Rashid, Z. M., Aziz, S. A., Ali, O. J., Kakarash, N. K., & Marif, H. F. F. (2022). Coprological detection of Toxocariosis in domicile and stray dogs and cats in Sulaimani province, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 36(4), 1047-1051. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2022.132976.2157
Regis, S. C. S., Mendonça, L. R., Silva, N. S., Dattoli, V. C. C., Alcântara-Neves, N. M., & Barrouin-Melo, S. M. (2011). Seroprevalence and risk factors for canine Toxocariasis by detection of specific IgG as a marker of infection in dogs from Salvador, Brazil. Acta Tropica, 120(1-2), 46-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.05.011
Rubel, D., Zunino, G., Santillán, G., & Wisnivesky, C. (2003). Epidemiology of Toxocara canis in the dog population from two areas of different socioeconomic status, Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology, 115(3), 275-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00185-7
Saaed, M. M., & Alsarhan, Q. T. (2022). Detection of canine distemper virus in stray and pet dogs in Mosul city, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 36(2), 315-319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2021.130127.1739
Santarém, V. A., Magoti, L. P., & Sichieri, T. D.(2009). Influence of variables on centrifuge-flotation technique for recovery of Toxocara canis eggs from soil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 51(3), 163-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652009000300007
Smith, H., & Noordin, R. (2006). Diagnostic limitations and future trends in the serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. In C. V. Holland & H. V. Smith (Eds.), Toxocara: The enigmatic parasite (p. 89-112). Oxford, GB: CABI Publishing.
Statistical Analysis System [SAS]. (2018). SAS/STAT® - User’s guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Stecher, G., Tamura, K., & Kumar, S. (2020). Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) for macOS. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 37(4), 1237-1239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz312
Telmo, P. L., Avila, L. F. C., Santos, C. A., Aguiar, P. S., Martins, L. H. R., Berne, M. E. A., & Scaine, C. J (2015). Elevated trans-mammary transmission of Toxocara canis larvae in balb/c mice. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 57(1), 85-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652015000100013
Tinoco-Gracia, L., Barrenas-Serrano, A., López-Valencia, G., & Tamayo-Sosa, S. (2007). Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with larva migrans of Toxocara canis in dogs from Mexicali Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6(2), 198-202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1706_1488314891
Wolfe, A., & Wright, I. P. (2003). Human toxocariasis and direct contact with dogs. VetRecord, 152(14), 419-422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.152.14.419
DECLARAÇÃO DE ORIGINALIDADE E DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Declaro que o presente artigo é original, não tendo sido submetido à publicação em qualquer outro periódico nacional ou internacional, quer seja em parte ou em sua totalidade.
Os direitos autorais pertencem exclusivamente aos autores. Os direitos de licenciamento utilizados pelo periódico é a licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0): são permitidos o compartilhamento (cópia e distribuição do material em qualqer meio ou formato) e adaptação (remix, transformação e criação de material a partir do conteúdo assim licenciado para quaisquer fins, inclusive comerciais.
Recomenda-se a leitura desse link para maiores informações sobre o tema: fornecimento de créditos e referências de forma correta, entre outros detalhes cruciais para uso adequado do material licenciado.