Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences

Generating family farming revenue through juvenile fish production: a case study in native species

2025-02-19T11:58:16+00:00

In view of the need to improve the development of family production enterprises, zootechnical and economic planning were conducted in a rural settlement in 0.78 ha of water depth for the rearing and marketing of juveniles of the tambatinga hybrid (♀ tambaqui Colossoma macropomum x ♂ pirapitinga Piaractus brachypomus) to verify its economic viability. For the zootechnical indicators, a 16-month production cycle was determined, with three juvenile production cycles and two fattening cycles. For the remaining fish that were not sold, the quantity of initial and final fish, stock biomass, average initial and final weight, apparent feed conversion, and mortality rate were determined. For economic planning, a total operating cost methodology was adopted to determine the costs per unit of production, gross revenue, gross margin, net profit, and profitability index. The production of juveniles of many sizes is economically viable for family farming, showing attractive profitability indicators even under adverse zootechnical conditions. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of zootechnical and economic planning on a property that can optimize production and use of the area, as well as showing producers how rewarding it is to farm fish.

Evaluating morphometric variations in tocantins river fish: implications for conservation

2025-09-26T11:24:23+00:00

The aim of this study was to characterize the fish species Triportheus angulatus, Psectrogaster amazonica and Pellona castelnaeana from the middle Tocantins River. Samples were collected from stretches of the Tocantins River, such as Cacauzinho and Beira Rio. Statistical program was used to evaluate seven variables from the three species under study, which were then classified according to their degree of correlation. According to Pearson's correlation analysis, the variables were significantly associated with the characteristics of the three species examined. The averages of the variables studied were highest for Pellona castelnaeana, and lower for Psectrogaster amazonica and Triportheus angulatus. Morphometric comparisons between males and females revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in total length and body depth, indicating potential sexual dimorphism related to ecological or reproductive roles. The condition factor (K) ranged from 1.28 to 1.65, reflecting a generally good nutritional status among individuals. Future studies focusing on the sex and age of fish are necessary to analyze how regional anthropogenic problems have influenced the morphometric characteristics of these species and to identify the factors that contribute to the decline in fish quality. These results could support future local and regional conservation efforts, considering that fishing in the region is economically and culturally important.

Productive and physiological behavior of the palometa Mylossoma duriventre farmed in a floating cage system

2025-09-26T11:24:23+00:00

The palometa, Mylossoma duriventre, is a species widely distributed in South America in the Amazon, Orinoco, and Paraguay-Paraná basins, with commercial and aquaculture potential. However, its hematology in culture systems has not been described. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the hematological parameters of the palometa farmed in a floating cage system to constitute a tool for assessing the physiological state, health, and presence of productive alterations that affect the species in a production system facing different storage densities and protein levels in the feed. The experimental design was based on three population density factors (50, 100, and 150 fish m³) and three percentages of crude protein (25, 30, and 34%), thus constituting nine treatments (n=3). The fish were housed in 1m³ floating cages, with an experimental period of 210 days. Productive, hematological, and parasitological parameters were evaluated. Standard deviation was performed, analyzed using Tukey's test and a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Ultimately, the treatment with 25% crude protein demonstrated greater final weight. For their part, the numbers of red blood cells, thrombocytes, and leukocytes were within the ranges shown in the literature, while hemoglobin and hematocrit were increased. This is the first report of productive and hematological responses to M. duriventre in captivity.

Food restriction in hybrid catfish Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus produced in cages: zootechnical performance, physiological metabolism and economic viability

2025-09-27T11:24:29+00:00

Production of the hybrid Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus submitted to food restriction and re-alimentation was evaluated on commercial fish farming for zootechnical performance, physiological metabolism and economic viability. For 60 days, hybrid catfish (n=312; 562±12.00 g; 40±3.30 cm) were maintained in cages with a density of 13 fish m³. Experimental design was totally randomized with two feeding strategies: (FR15/RE15) food restriction for 15 days, followed by re-alimentation for 15 days; (NR) no food restriction and three repetitions. Biometry was performed twice a month to determine zootechnical levels. Blood samples were collected for hematologic and biochemical analysis; and liver and intestine to determine hepatosomatic index (HSI), hepatocytes histometry and intestinal coefficient (IC). For the economic evaluation, we used the Total Operational Cost. Fish from FR15/RE15 exhibited total compensatory gain. IC and HIS were superior in FR15/RE15 at 60 days. Hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte count exhibited increased levels on FR15/RE15 at 30 and 45 days. Exposure to FR15/RE15 influenced hepatocytes histometry. Both feeding systems showed economic viability in short and long-term when fish density was 60 fish m^-3. Food restriction for 15 days and re-alimentation for 15 days is indicated for hybrid catfish production in cages on market conditions.

Assessment of the agronomic and nutritional characteristics of sorghum genotypes with and without brown midrib

2025-02-19T11:58:46+00:00

The objective was to assess the agronomic characteristics and nutritional value of silages from sorghum genotypes without bmr mutation and carrying the bmr mutation. A total of 14 genotypes were used, 7 of which were conventional (BRS 655, BRS 658, BRS 659, BRS 610, VOLUMAX, 156x947216 and 156x947030) and 7 carrying the bmr6 gene (2014F15641, 2014F15645, 2014F15649, 2014F15653, 2014F15661, 2014F15681 and 2014F15685). The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks – 4 blocks and 14 treatments, totaling 56 experimental plots. The means of the variables were subject to ANOVA through SISVAR; when significant was found, the treatments were compared using the Scott-Knott test at a 5% probability level. There was a difference (p < 0.05) for flowering days and height between genotypes. As for crude protein, mean levels ranged from 11.10 to 14.66% for 2014F15645 and BRS 610. Regardless of the mutation, there was no difference (p > 0.05) between the genotypes carrying the mutation and those not carrying the mutation for lignin and in situ dry matter digestibility. Genotypes BRS 655, BRS 658, BRS 659, BRS 610, VOLUMAX, 2014F15645, 2014F15649, 2014F15661, 2014F15681 and 2014F15685 are more suitable for silage production, as they present higher dry matter production. Regarding ISDMD, all genotypes can be used for silage production.

Prediction of the chemical composition of Cenchrus clandestinus grass using Near Infrared Spectroscopy – NIRS

2025-08-07T11:19:53+00:00

Forage evaluation is important as milk production depends on the availability of highly nutritious forage. The aim of this study was to develop nutrient content prediction equations for kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus), a universally used forage in Colombian specialized dairy farms, with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Kikuyu samples obtained from two hundred dairy farms in the North of Antioquia were analyzed for DM, protein, NDF and ADF. Using three-step procedure (calibration, cross validation, and prediction), equations were developed in a NIRS equipment (NIRS DS 2500 monochromator, Foss-NIRsystem, Denmark). The absorbance values (logarithm (1/R), R = reflectance) were analyzed using the software WinISI version 4.8, performing mathematical treatments to generate several equations per chemical component analyzed. The R²_v for protein content was 0.96 and SEP was 0.54 indicating an appropriate prediction equation. The R²_v for NDF and ADF contents were 0.89 and 0.88 respectively, however the SEP value was lower for ADF (0.69) than NDF (1.88). Chemical composition for protein, NDF and ADF in kikuyu grass can reliably predicted using equations developed in NIRS. However, it was not possible to develop a prediction equation for kikuyu DM.

Production and quality of hydroponic corn fodder cultivated in various substrates and harvested at different times

2025-08-07T11:19:51+00:00

In the adaptation of the hydroponic cultivation technique, fodder species can be obtained from germination to seedling cultivation, to obtain fresh green food of superior quality, to supplement animal feed. Thus, this experiment aimed to evaluate productive and qualitative aspects of hydroponic corn fodder produced on different organic substrates (rice husk, coffee husk, sugarcane bagasse, and corn straw) in two cultivation periods (up to the 10 and 15th days after sowing). This was a 5 x 2 factorial completely randomized experimental design, with four replications, totaling 40 experimental plots. Sugarcane bagasse and coffee husk did not promote the aerial development of corn seedlings in hydroponic fodder cultivation, considering that they were green materials and had not been subjected to prior composting. The substrates tested showed significantly higher substrate dry biomass and total dry matter (DM) production than the control hydroponic fodder (no substrate). Cultivation of hydroponic corn fodder up to the 10th day after sowing resulted in higher total DM production. Hydroponic fodder obtained from rice husk showed higher DM, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents, for harvesting after 15 days of cultivation, differing significantly from the control treatment. Hydroponic fodder from coffee husk substrate had higher lignin and ash contents, showing lower nutritional quality of the food.

Initial growth of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Massai grass biostimulated with Burkholderia pyrrocinia at different sowing depths

2025-08-07T11:19:49+00:00

Sowing depth affects both germination and emergence of seeds. Thus, inoculation with Burkholderia pyrrocinia, a biostimulant, may have positive effects on grass establishment. The aim was to evaluate the effects of inoculation with B. pyrrocinia (BP; without and with) and sowing depth (SD; 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 cm) on the initial growth of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Massai. Germination, emergence, and initial shoot and root growth were assessed. The evaluations were performed 21 days after planting. The germination percentage (%G) was affected by the BP×SD interaction (P<0.05), with the highest %G occurring at 4.11 cm and 4.90 cm when the seed was inoculated and not inoculated, respectively. The emergence speed index (ESI) was also affected by the interaction of the factors (p < 0.05), following a quadratic effect when inoculation was performed, with the highest ESI at a depth of 4.17 cm, while the absence of inoculation resulted in a linear ESI across the depths. However, the initial forage mass was not influenced by the treatments (p > 0.05), with an average production of 0.065 g. Inoculation with Burkholderia pyrrocinia combined with sowing depth enhances the initial growth of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Massai by increasing the germination percentage and emergence speed.

Nutritional composition of corn silage produced in different regions of the State of Paraná between 2020 and 2022

2025-09-26T11:24:21+00:00

The study aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition of whole-plant corn silages produced in different geographic regions in the State of Paraná between 2020 and 2022. A database with 49 reports of chemical analysis of silage samples collected from 34 dairy cattle farms technically assisted by the Cooperativa de Trabalho e Extensão Rural (COOPERMAIS) was used. The farms are located in the Central-South, West, and Northwest meso-regions of Paraná. Due to intraregional geographic differences, the farms in the West region were grouped into three sub-regions: West-South, West-Central, and West-North. Silages with the highest ether extract content, lowest ash content, and highest total digestible nutrient (TDN) content were produced in the Northwest region. Silages produced in 2020 and 2022 had similar nutritional composition, while those produced in 2021 had lower TDN content. The whole-plant corn silage produced in the Northwest of Paraná has a better nutritional composition, which may be related to the higher proportion of grains at the time of ensiling. Rainfall and the occurrence of frost are climatic factors that affect the energy content of silages produced in the State of Paraná.

Effect of β-mannanase enzyme supplementation on the diet of broilers fed full-fat deactivated soy

2025-02-19T11:58:27+00:00

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of broiler chickens fed a diet containing deactivated soy supplemented with the enzyme β-mannanase. A total of 1,152 broiler chickens, one day old and from the COOB 500 lineage, were used in a completely randomized design with a 4x2 factorial scheme. Four levels of β-mannanase (0, 80, 160, and 240 g ton^-1) and the presence or absence of deactivated soy were tested, with eight repetitions, each with 18 birds per experimental unit. On the 1^st, 7^th, 14^th, 21^st, 28^th, 35^th, and 42^nd days of life, the birds were weighed, and the feed leftovers were measured to obtain performance variables. From days 1 to 21, weight gain, feed conversion, and average weight were significantly affected by the addition of β-mannanase to the diet. The use of deactivated soy in combination with enzyme levels in mg kg^-1 of metabolizable energy resulted in greater gains than did the use of soybean meal combined with the same levels of metabolizable energy. The use of deactivated soy along with 240 mg of β-mannanase enzyme supplementation in broiler diets from 1--42 days of age is recommended, as this supplementation improves bird performance.

Dietary supplementation with mango leaf powder influences broiler chickens’ growth characteristics, blood parameters, and carcass

2025-02-19T11:58:08+00:00

This study examined the impact of mango leaf powder supplementation on broiler chickens’ growth, blood parameters, and carcass of broiler chickens. Two hundred (200) day-old broilers were divided into four groups: Control (CONT), 200 mg kg^-1 Vitamin C (VITC), 250 mg kg^-1 mango leaf powder (MLP2), and 500 mg kg^-1 mango leaf powder (MLP3). VITC, MLP2, and MLP3 groups showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) body weight gain than CONT, with similar feed intake and conversion ratios (p > 0.05). Organ weights (heart, lung, liver, spleen) were unaffected (p > 0.05), except for the pancreas in MLP2, which was lower (p < 0.05) than CONT. Hematological indices exhibited no significant differences (p > 0.05). Serum total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, cholesterol, and creatinine remained stable (p > 0.05). However, serum catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and lipid peroxidase levels were significantly (p < 0.05) increased with mango leaf powder supplementation. Mango leaf powder supplementation improved body weight gain, dressed percentage, and oxidative status of broiler chickens.

Probiotic supplementation in diets for laying hens and its effects on the internal quality of eggs stored under refrigeration

2025-08-07T11:29:58+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate probiotics supplementation in diets for semi-heavy layers hens and their effects on the internal quality of eggs stored under refrigeration for different periods. 210 Hisex Brown^® laying hens aged 30 weeks were distributed in a completely randomized design wIth six treatments, and seven replications,. The experimental diets were offered for 112 days. The experimental diets were: Control: control diet, without the inclusion of probiotics and feed efficiency-enhancing additives; CP: positive control feed with the inclusion of a feed efficiency-enhancing additive (Halquinol antibiotic inclusion at 60g kg^-1); C+100: control feed with the inclusion of 100 g t^-1 of a product based on Bacillus subtilis (Bacillus subtilis guaranteed level 2.0*10⁶ CFU/g); C+150: feed with the inclusion of 150 g t^-1 of the Bacillus subtilis-based product; C+200: feed with the inclusion of 200 g t^-1 of Bacillus subtilis-based product; C+250: feed with the inclusion of 250 g t^-1 of Bacillus subtilis-based product. A total of 588 eggs collected in the experimental plots were used (2 eggs per plot), and storage times at room temperature were 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days and were analyzed for internal egg quality. Probiotic supplementation did not influence the internal quality of the eggs. The storage time under refrigeration influenced the percentage and quality of the eggs' internal components and weight loss, with worse results in eggs stored for longer.

Refined crude glycerin in sow feed: A sustainable alternative

2025-08-07T11:29:22+00:00

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of semi-purified glycerin added to the feed of pregnant and lactating sows on performance including dorsal diameter, body condition, daily weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion rate. Growth and feeding parameters were evaluated in born piglets: litter average, survival, daily weight gain, feed conversion rate, and daily milk consumption. Pregnant sows (n = 60; initial weight 180 ± 22 kg) were randomly assigned to the Control or Glycerin group (2%). Semi-purified glycerin was supplied from the beginning of gestation until farrowing. The inclusion of semi-purified glycerin did not affect any of the parameters evaluated in sows during gestation. The inclusion of semi-purified glycerin had a significant effect (p = 0.04) on the body condition of sows at weaning and appeared to have a negative effect on piglet survival. However, semi-purified glycerin caused no negative effects on milk production during lactation and did not affect piglet performance parameters. The addition of semi-purified glycerin as a caloric source could be an economically viable alternative to be implemented in feeding pregnant and lactating sows. However, additional tests are suggested.

Nutritional requirements of digestible methionine+cystine for laying Japanese quails

2025-08-07T11:29:20+00:00

The objective of the present research is to determine optimal levels of digestible methionine+cystine to maximize the laying percentage and to improve the food conversion per egg mass of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The experimental period was divided into three evaluation cycles, using 175 Japanese quails in the laying phase, with an initial age of 60 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of five levels of methionine+digestible cystine (0.742; 0.842; 0.942; 1.042; 1.142%). The performance variables measured were: daily feed consumption, average egg weight, laying percentage and feed conversion per egg mass. For the three evaluation cycles there was no difference in daily feed consumption and average egg weight, while the laying percentage and feed conversion per egg mass showed a quadratic behavior with a peak egg laying percentage of 97.81% and minimum feed conversion per egg mass of 2.39. Level of methionine+cystine necessary to obtain a peak in laying percentage is 0.942%, which provides better feed conversion rates for birds, with methionine+cystine consumption estimated between 253 mg/bird/day and ratio methionine+cystine/lysine of 0.836 %.

Assessment of the effects of the BARF diet on the health of dogs

2025-08-07T11:20:05+00:00

The study aimed to evaluate the BARF (Biologically Appropriate Raw Food) diet based on the mixtures used and to check the impact of the diet on dogs' health by analyzing changes in blood parameters before and after the introduction of a raw diet. The primary research method for this work was an online survey made via the website www.docs.google.com/forms. One hundred questionnaires were obtained in the study. In addition, caregivers of dogs fed the BARF diet were asked to provide laboratory tests, of which 15 results of morphology, biochemistry and expanded ionogram of dogs were obtained before and after introducing the raw diet. The survey results were prepared in Excel and STATISTICA 13.3 (TIBCO Software). In contrast, the blood test results were compared using the Student's T-test for paired samples. Observations and conducted research showed that after introducing the BARF diet to their animals, the respondents noticed many positive effects of their diet. Some of the dogs tested improved their laboratory performance parameters.

Evaluation of drinking water supplementation of two different herbal blends on productive performance and immune responses of broiler chickens

2025-08-07T11:19:48+00:00

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of herbal mixture on the growth performance, intestinal microbial population, and immune responses of broiler chickens. In all, 600 day-old as-hatched Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned in a completely randomized design with four treatments, five replicates, and 30 birds in each replicate. The four treatments were: the control group (not treated) and, the second group received 1 mL L^-1 herbal solutions (Bioherbal®), and two other groups were received 16.6, and 33.3 mL L^-1 commercial herbal solutions (Orex®), respectively. Results showed that while water supplementation of the herbal mixture had no significant effect on feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chickens (p > 0.05), the productive efficiency index (PEI) improved by dietary inclusion of herbal blend at 33.3 mL L^-1 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the lactobacilli population increased and E. coli population was reduced by both herbal mixture addition (p < 0.05). The application of both Herbal growth promoters (Orex® and Bioherbal®) boosted cellular and humoral immunity and decreased the heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (p < 0.05). The present study indicated the positive effect of Orex® addition to water at both concentrations (16.6 or 33.3 mL L^-1) on livability, PEI, ileal microbial populations, and immune system function.

Performance, carcass yield, and meat quality of broilers fed a diet containing Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis

2025-08-07T11:19:43+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) on the performance, organ weights, carcass yield, and meat quality of chickens. A total of 288 male and female one-day-old Cobb chicks were either fed or not fed with Bti at a dose of 1x10⁸ CFU per gram of feed for a period of 42 days resulting in a 2x2 factorial scheme (Bti x sex) with four treatments and 12 replicates of six birds each. The treatments were: T1 - Males without Bti; T2 - Females without Bti; T3 - Males with Bti; and T4 - Females with Bti. Performance variables were assessed weekly. At the end of the trial, 48 chickens (12 birds per treatment) were euthanized to determine carcass yield, edible organ yield, and meat quality. The results indicate that none of the variables were significantly affected by Bti inclusion in the diet. Male chickens, regardless of the BTI factor, showed higher body weight gain and feed intake at 1-21, 22-41, and 1-42 days of age, as well as better feed conversion in the 1-21-day period, in addition to higher live weight, liver weight, and thigh and drumstick weight. In summary, the inclusion of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis in the chickens' diet did not yield positive results, indicating that more studies are needed to optimize its use in poultry production. The performance differences observed between the sexes, with males outperforming females, are consistent with those reported in the poultry industry and scientific literature.

Assessing the potential of black soldier fly larvae meal to replace commercial protein concentrates in broiler diets effects on efficiency, economic values, and internal organs

2025-08-07T11:19:41+00:00

This study examines the ideal incorporation of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in broiler diets, optimizing animal performance while fostering a sustainable food system. Protein utilization, digestion, production efficiency, economic viability, and the development relative weights of internal viscera are evaluated to determine the ideal inclusion level of BSFL. The experiment was conducted in the University's poultry facility. A total of 225-day-old unsexed Ross 308 chicks were randomly allocated to five treatments for 35 days. The treatments substituted imported protein concentrate with BSFL meal at doses of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The findings indicated that treatments including elevated proportions of BSFL meal (50, 75, and 100%) markedly enhanced the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) in comparison to the control, yielding values of 77.48, 77.40, and 77.92%, respectively. Nevertheless, no substantial variations were detected in the protein efficiency ratio (PER) across the treatments. The maximum inclusion level of BSFL (100%) led to an improvement in the economic efficiency index (1087.35) relative to the control (1534.12), as illustrated in Table 3. The decline in the economic efficiency index indicates a decrease in feed costs, which enhances the whole manufacturing process by increasing cost-effectiveness. No substantial disparities in mortality rates persisted uniformly across all treatments. Although notable variances existed among treatments, T5 had the most productive index. No significant variations were seen in the relative weights of internal organs between the treatments, suggesting that BSFL meal did not adversely affect organ development (Table 4). The statistical analysis indicated no significant variations among the experimental treatments regarding the relative weights of the heart, liver, stomach gland, gizzard, cecum, spleen, Fabrician gland, and index gland. In conclusion, BSFL meal demonstrates potential as a cost-efficient and sustainable substitute for imported protein concentrates in broiler diets, with the appropriate inclusion level combining performance enhancements and economic advantages.

Comparison of oregano essential oil as antibiotic or probiotic alterative in broilers̓ diet: Use of technique for order of reference by similarity to ideal solution

2025-09-27T11:24:28+00:00

Antibiotic resistance is a major problem for public health worldwide, and nutritionists are searching for antibiotic alternatives. Oregano essential oil is one of the natural products that has antioxidant and antibacterial substances. In the present study the technique of ordering the preference by similarity to the ideal solution was applied to compare different feed additives regarding the biological parameters of broilers fed diets containing antibiotic, probiotic or different levels of oregano essential oil. A total of five hundred Arian broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 5 replicates. The experimental treatments were: 1) basal diet (control), 2) basal diet+150 ppm antibiotic Avilamycin, 3) basal diet +100 ppm probiotic Protexin, 4) basal diet+200 ppm oregano essential oil, 5) basal diet+400 ppm oregano essential oil. After obtaining data on performance, production index, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and ileum microflora of broilers, the multiple attribute decision making (MADM), and the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was applied. Results indicated that oregano essential oil had the potential to be considered as a natural probiotic or antibiotic replacement in broiler chickens̓ diet. Oregano essential oil improved FCR, production index, intestinal villus height/crypt depth of the broilers. Also, it decreased the bacterial count of E.Coli in the ileum content of the broilers. It conclusion using oregano essential oil at the level of 200 or 400 ppm of diet can be considered as probiotic or antibiotic natural alternative in broilers diet.

Effectiveness of using mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt in feeding dry stable cows

2025-02-19T11:58:43+00:00

The purpose of the investigation was to determine the optimal dose of mixed ligand complexes of zinc, manganese, and cobalt in the ration of dry stable cows in the first and second dry periods. To cover the deficiency of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt, different levels of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt were introduced into the premix. During the dry period, the feeding of cows undergoes changes. During the early dry stable period in cows, feed mixtures with the lowest content of biologically active substances should be used for their feeding, namely, in 1 kg of DM, mg: Zinc and Manganese - 31.5; Cobalt - 0.41 due to mixed ligand complexes. Instead, during the late dry period, they need a higher concentration of these trace elements due to mixed ligand complexes in dry matter: Zinc and Manganese - 35 mg; Cobalt - 0.49 mg. A mandatory condition is to ensure the indicated level of trace elements due to their mixed-ligand complexes. With such feeding, a decrease in the need for labor assistance, the length of the service period and the number of inseminations per successful fertilization, an increase in the productivity.

The efficiency of rumen microbial nitrogen and biomass synthesis of some indigenous range plants using 15N-tracer technique

2025-02-19T11:58:11+00:00

This study was performed to evaluate, by the use of in vitro incubation technique with ruminal liquid and ¹⁵N-tracer for 96 h, some perennial range plants (Artemisia herba-alba Asso, Noaea mucronata Forssk, Lavandula angustifolia Mill, Astragalus spinosus Forssk, Capparis spinosa L.) grown naturally on dry rangelands, in terms of rumen microbial nitrogen (M.N), microbial biomass (M.BM), true fermented organic matter (T.F.OM) and quantification of the efficiency of M.N and M.BM synthesis (M.N or M.BM / T.F.OM), and study the effect of polyethylene glycol (P.E.G) on the aforementioned parameters. C. spinosa had the highest (p < 0.05) values of T.F.OM, M.N and M.BM. Microbial N and M.BM values ranged from 0.57 to 0.82 mg g^-1 DM and from 6.13 to 9.46 mg g^-1 DM, respectively. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences among plant species in terms of the efficiency of M.N and M.BM synthesis, and the average amounted to 0.282 g and 3.25 g 100 g^-1 of truly fermented organic matter, respectively. M.BM and M.N values were negatively correlated with lignin but positively correlated with soluble nitrogen. P.E.G supplementation and the interaction between P.E.G treatment and plant species had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on the estimated parameters.

Effect of Aroeira (schinus terebinthifolius) leaf essential oils on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen balance in lambs fed with high grain diet

2025-08-07T11:29:46+00:00

Evaluate the effect of Aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius) leaf essential oils on rumen fermentation parameters, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen balance in lambs. Treatments were a negative control (CTL - no additives), a positive control (MON - addition of 25 mg of monensin kg^-1 of dry matter), doses of 1.25, 2.5, and 3.75 mL of essential oil kg^-1 of diet as feed. Thirty crossbred Dorper x Santa Ines lambs with rumen cannulas and weighing 53.08 ± 11.04 kg were assigned to randomized blocks with five replicates per treatment. Across the entire observation period 0, 7, 14, and 21 days the feed additives proved effective in reducing butyrate and increasing ammonia. Linear increase in essential oils on isovalerate. Essential oils exhibited a quadratic effect on acetate, butyrate, C2/C3, and methane (p < 0.05), lower values in treatments at 1.25 and 2.5 mL kg^-1. Treatments did not impact with nutrient intake and digestibility. The additives affected the reduction of nitrogen (N) intake and N retained (p < 0.05), Essential oils displayed an effect compared to monensin when decreasing N intake and N retained, with a linear decrease due to the essential oils level when decreasing N intake (p < 0.05). Doses of 1.25, 2.50 mL kg^-1 reduced methane production and positively influenced the VFAs.

Ingestive behavior of Nellore cattle confined during the growing phase in different shading strategies

2025-08-07T11:29:36+00:00

The study evaluated different shading strategies on the ingestive behavior of confined Nellore cattle during the growing phase. The experiment was conducted in the semi-arid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with 225 Nellore cattle (10 months old, 240 kg body weight). A completely randomized design was used with three treatments: no shading (full sun), natural shading (trees), and artificial shading, with 75 animals per group. Climatic variables were recorded, and feeding, ruminating, and idling behaviors were observed every 15 minutes for 24 hours. The full-sun environment was the most uncomfortable, with the highest air temperatures recorded between 12:00 a.m. and 2:50 p.m. Animals under natural shading showed higher feeding frequency, improved feeding efficiency, and greater daily weight gain, resulting in higher final weights. A significant difference (p < 0.05) in air temperature was found among treatments, with the highest value under full sun (29.3°C). Relative humidity and air velocity did not differ significantly. Natural shading improved the environment, leading to better zootechnical performance. The study concluded that providing natural shade for confined Nellore cattle improved ingestive behavior, increased feeding frequency and efficiency, and enhanced weight gain. This strategy is recommended for better cattle management and welfare in semi-arid regions.

Correlations between intake and ingestive behavior of supplemented pasture-finished steers

2025-08-07T11:29:26+00:00

The objective was to evaluate the correlations between intake and ingestive behavior of steers receiving supplementation and finished on pasture. The field phase was conducted at the Princesa do Mateiro Farm, municipality of Ribeirão do Largo, state of Bahia. For this experiment, 32 crossbred steers (Holstein X Zebu) in the finishing phase, with an average initial weight of 420 ± 7.54 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four treatments (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8%) and eight repetitions. Grazing time (GT) did not correlate (p > 0.05) with total dry matter intake (TDMI). GT showed a moderate positive correlation (p < 0.05) with crude protein intake (CPI) and neutral detergent fiber intake corrected for ash and protein (NDFIap). Rumination time (RUM) showed a weak negative correlation (p < 0.05) with NFCI. Trough feeding time (TFT) showed moderate negative correlations with NDFIap and moderate positive correlations with NFCI (p < 0.05). The number of bites per day (NBD) showed a weak negative correlation with TDMI and a moderate negative correlation with CPI, NDFIap (p < 0.05). The correlations found demonstrate that supplementation of steers finished on pasture interferes with their ingestive behavior.

Soybean molasses replacing cracked corn grain improves intake stability in feedlot lambs

2025-08-07T11:19:58+00:00

In this study, we assessed the effects of replacing cracked corn grain with soybean molasses (SM) on the feed intake and ingestive behavior of 30 uncastrated lambs, Santa Inês × Dorper crossbreed, finished in feedlot. The treatments were 0 g kg^-1 DM SM (CON), 150 g kg^-1 DM SM (SM15), and 300 g kg^-1 DM SM (SM30). Dry matter and nutrient intake were evaluated, in addition to ingestive behavior variables such as interactions with the feed bunker, stereotypes, chewing activities, and time spent in feed bunkers in a 24-h period at three different times during the feedlot period (beginning, middle, and end). The replacement of cracked corn grain with SM decreased the dry matter intake % BW (p < 0.05) and ether extract intake (p < 0.05) only at the final feedlot period. Additionally, it linearly decreased the cud chewing time p = 0.01) and increased the number of cuds (p = 0.02). The inclusion of SM allowed for a more stable feed intake during the feeding times (p < 0.05). Replacing cracked corn grain with SM in feedlot lamb diets offers a viable alternative without negatively affecting feed intake, even at levels of up to 300 g kg^-1. This substitution improves the stability of feed intake.

Inglês Intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and rumen parameters of Balami, Udah and Yankasa sheep breeds fed Brachiaria decumbens or Digitaria smutsii hay

2025-08-07T11:19:54+00:00

The objective of this experiment was to compare three Nigeria sheep breeds fed Brachiaria decumbens (Stapf) or Digitaria smutsii (Stent) hay for performance, intake, digestibility, and rumen parameters. Each of the three breeds of sheep, which weighed on average 24.7, 25.5, and 25.5 kg (Balami, Uda, and Yankasa, respectively) were assigned to a 2 × 3 completely randomized design. There were significant (p < 0.05) differences among breeds, with Balami and Uda presenting the highest intake, rumen parameters, average daily weight gain (ADG) and final body weight (FBW). Sheep fed D. smutsii hay presented higher (p < 0.05) digestibility, ADG and FBW than those fed B. decumbens hay. Balami and Uda breeds fed D. smutsii had improved rumen pH, VFA production, and N-NH₃ production, and consequently had improved digestibility and growth performance when compared to the Yankasa breed fed B. decumbens hay. It is important to note that the effectiveness of different types of forage and the response of different sheep breeds to those forages can vary based on several factors, including the nutritional content of the forage, the age and health of the animals, and environmental conditions.

Validation of enteric methane emissions by cattle estimated from mathematical models using data from in vivo experiments

2025-02-19T11:58:40+00:00

Several authors have developed equations to estimate methane (CH₄) emissions by cattle according to variables such as dry matter and nutrient intake, live weight, or weight gain. Mathematical models using these variables show a large variability of results, being necessary to identify those which provide more precise and accurate predictions. For this reason, the objective of this study was to validate enteric CH₄ emissions estimated from mathematical models through a comparison with a database of CH₄ emissions obtained from cattle experiments carried out in tropical regions. A database of 495 individual cattle CH₄ emissions data (g day^-1) obtained from 19 studies in three tropical Latin American countries was built for this study. Results showed that mathematical models developed for cattle in tropical production systems overestimated CH₄ emissions when they were compared with our database. The mathematical model with higher precision and accuracy was the one that included dry matter intake and organic matter digestibility in the equation (Equation 7. R²=0.34, Cb=0.94, CCC=0.55, RMSE=60.8%, r=0.58), followed by models that included neutral detergent fiber intake data (Equation 5). Our data did not show a relationship between CH₄ emissions and gross energy intake or live weight.

No effects of tactile stimulation on welfare indicators of Saanen goat kids: a pilot study

2025-02-19T11:58:36+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tactile stimulation on the welfare of goat kids. Thirty-six goat kids were allocated into three treatments as follows: TSG = taking the goat kids out of the cage every day when they received tactile stimulation, RCG = taking the goat kids out of the cage for 5 s, and NRS = not taking the goat kids out of the cage nor receiving tactile stimulation. TSG goat kids received tactile stimulation once a day, for two minutes, from the 3^rd to the 40^thday. Goat kids' welfare was assessed by considering performance, health, and behavioral indicators. During the voluntary approach test, 96.5% of the goat kids voluntarily approached familiar and unfamiliar humans. There were significant effects only on the interaction between treatment and age on time spent in the corners and time playing (KW = 27.54 and 47.83, p < 0.01, respectively). We conclude that tactile stimulation did not affect any of the welfare indicators addressed in this study.

Testicular histomorphology, sperm and testicular morphometric evaluation of glyphosate exposed rabbit bucks treated with hydro-alcoholic leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis

2025-02-19T11:58:33+00:00

This study investigated the effect of glyphosate exposure on some male reproductive parameters and the potential protective effects of Newbouldia laevis leaf (NBL) extract. The 36 rabbits used for the study were randomized into four treatment groups (control, glyphosate-only, glyphosate + NBL 100 mg and glyphosate + NBL 200 mg) in a completely randomized design. From the results, glyphosate was found to significantly impair all measured semen parameters. Testicular morphometric analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in some testicular parameters due to glyphosate exposure. Histological examination of testes in the glyphosate-only group revealed severe disruptions in testicular architecture, likely contributing to the observed decrease in semen quality. Conversely, NBL treatment led to significant enhancement in spermatogenic activity, resulting in higher sperm count, motility, volume, libido, live sperm, and improved sperm morphology when compared to the herbicide-exposed group. NBL-treated groups exhibited significant (p < 0.05) increase in testicular circumference, width, and epididymal length. NBL extract also restored testicular architecture and ameliorated herbicide-induced histological changes. Therefore, the potential protective effects of Newbouldia laevis leaf extract on herbicide-induced reproductive dysfunction could pave the way for novel natural interventions to counteract the negative consequences of herbicide exposure.

Jamun (Syzygium cumini) seed and orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extracts ameliorates toxic effects of lead on kidney biomarkers in rats

2025-02-19T11:58:23+00:00

Wistar rats were treated as Group A: Control; Group B: Lead (50 mg kg^-1 b wt.); Group C: Lead (50 mg kg^-1 b wt.) and jamun seed extract (JSE) (200 mg kg^-1 b wt.); Group D: Lead (50 mg kg^-1 b wt.) and orange peel extract (OPE) (200 mg kg^-1 b wt.); Group E: OPE (200 mg kg^-1 b wt.) and Group F: JSE (200 mg kg^-1 b wt.). Serum urea, creatinine and serum uric acid levels were analyzed on days 7 and 14. Rats from Group B showed increased serum creatinine from days 7 to 14. Creatinine level decreased in group C and group D at days 7 and 14 as compared to group B. Increased serum urea was recorded in group B rats from 7 days. Rat from group C or group D showed decreased serum urea after days 7 day and 14 as compared to Group B. Lead exposure to rats provoked increased serum uric acid on days 7 and 14. Uric acid decreased in group C and group D on days 7 and 14 as compared to rats of group B. No alteration in creatinine, urea and uric acid level was seen in OPE and JSE treated rats at days 7 and 14.

Assessing strategy to improve dairy production and milk quality under smallholder dairying: Evidence from Ethiopia

2025-02-19T11:58:18+00:00

Little information exists on effectiveness of the approach in the intervention programme delivered to smallholder dairy farmers. A comparative study was conducted to assess milk production and composition in two districts (Doyogena project area and Angacha as a control) and the associated dairy intervention. Data were collected through household survey and milk testing. The average daily milk yield of crossbred dairy cows was 6.91±1.14 litres, which was significantly (p < 0.05) different across districts. The overall mean fat, solids-not-fat, lactose, salts, protein, and total solids (TS) contents of crossbred cows’ milk were 4.71±0.83, 8.85±0.36, 4.87±0.19, 0.72±0.03, 3.23±0.13 and 13.55±0.19 percent, respectively. The milk composition was significantly (p < 0.05) different across the study areas. Milk fat content is higher than the Ethiopian standard (ES); protein is also comparable. The major constraints for dairy production in the study areas were, in descending order, feed shortage in the dry season, land scarcity, lack of improved breeds, market access, and disease prevalence. To make livestock programs more impactful, strong extension and an integrated approach that encompasses improved feeds, breeding, marketing, and better health management are crucial to alleviate the diverse constraints of smallholder dairying while enhancing productivity and the associated food and nutrition security and livelihoods.

Influence of red and white led lamps on the productive performance and egg quality of commercial laying hens

2025-02-19T11:58:13+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different LED lamp colors (red and white) on the productive performance and egg quality of light laying hens. A total of 144 birds of the commercial strain Hy-Line^® W-36 aged 44 weeks were distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments (red and white LEDs) and 12 replicates, totaling 24 experimental plots with six birds each. Treatment means were compared by the F Test (5% probability) on the statistical software SISVAR. This study found that laying hens under red LED lamps showed a trend of greater egg production bird^-1 day^-1 (%) (p = 0.084), average egg weight (g) (p = 0.0826), egg mass (p < 0.05), and shell thickness (mm) and height (mm) (p < 0.01), whereas birds under white LED light showed better yolk color (p < 0.05). It is concluded that red LED illumination increases egg production and quality in light laying hens.

Evaluating interventions on broiler chicken health using blood indices and graphical representation

2025-02-19T11:58:06+00:00

Heat stress significantly affects the physiological and performance aspects of broiler chickens, leading to reduced growth, feed intake, and feed efficiency. This research investigates the impact of various dietary additives and supplements on blood serum components in heat-stressed Ross 308 broiler chickens. A completely randomized design with eight treatment groups, each with four replications and 12 birds per replication, was used. Significant differences were found in blood parameters such as glucose, total protein, albumin, uric acid, and AST, as well as in heterophil percentage, lymphocyte count, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and bronchitis antibody titers (p < 0.05). Dietary interventions also significantly altered the E. coli population in the cecum (p < 0.05). Diets enriched with coenzyme Q₁₀ and vitamin C notably reduced E. coli populations under heat-stress. However, no significant differences were observed in tibia characteristics (p > 0.05). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of feed additives in mitigating heat stress effects in broiler chickens. We recommend incorporating vitamin C, coenzyme Q₁₀, and Eubiotic supplements to enhance the well-being and performance of broiler chickens under heat stress conditions.

The effects of fenugreek seeds on the albino rat male reproductive system, MDA and SOD levels, and CD16 responses to Al2O3 NPs administration

2025-02-19T11:58:30+00:00

Aluminum is widely distributed in the environment and enters the body via air, water, food, medications, and manmade objects. Some studies suggest that aluminum toxicity increases the rate of lipid peroxidation and consequently the generation of free radicals. However, the impact of nanoparticles on human health is still not fully understood. An indicator of lipid peroxidation in serum and tissues is an increased MDA. At the same time, there was a decrease in the level SOD and detection CD16 using the immunohistochemistry technique, objectives evaluating the impact of Al₂O₃ NPs on oxidative stress markers (MDA and SOD) and immune responses (CD16) in the testes, as well as the protective effects of fenugreek seed extract it was observed that these changes in levels recovered when given the plant extract of fenugreek seeds,65 albino rats were divided into 13 groups, including the control group Two concentrations of fenugreek extract (2 and 4 gm kg^-1) and two concentrations of Al₂O₃ NPs solution (70 and 140 mg kg^-1) were given orally to the rats for 21 and 35 days, respectively. The amino-histochemistry method was used to detect CD16, and its presence was checked along with the concentrations of oxidative stress markers like SOD and MDA. Immunohistochemical findings revealed a significant increase in CD16 in testicular cells; fenugreek extract doses significantly decreased MDA and slightly raised SOD. Al₂O₃ NPs. were shown to significantly raise MDA and decrease SOD at (p ≤ 0.05), according to the study's findings. and Immunohistochemical results detected a significant increase in CD16 in testicular cells, and doses of fenugreek extract reduced the MDA was significant, and a slightly significant increase in SOD. The study concluded Al₂O₃ NPs led to an imbalance in the testicle by generating oxidative stress and the fenugreek extract succeeded in alleviating the harmful effects of Al₂O₃ and by curbing MOD and strengthening the antioxidant defense system SOD, at the same time significantly influenced the histopathological and toxicological change responses through expression CD16.

Molecular identification and phylogenetic study of Toxocara canis in domestic and stray dogs from Karbala, Iraq

2025-02-19T11:58:03+00:00

The ascarid nematode, Toxocara canis, which causes Toxocariasis in dogs, is a member of the Toxocaridae family and genus Toxocara, and that is accidentally infects humans. The study was conducted to investigate the presence of T. canis in dogs in Karbala, Iraq. The study extended from January to October, 2023. This project is the first of its kind in Iraq to molecularly detect the parasite in stray dogs in Karbala and to report its prevalence in domestic and stray dogs by utilizing conventional PCR and fecal flotation techniques while controlling for risk factors. One hundred (50 stray and 50 domestic) dog fecal samples were included. The findings revealed that 26 (26%) of the total dog fecal samples were tested positive using the PCR method. In details, the infection rate was 10% in domestic dogs and 42% in stray dogs. Moreover, the rate was 9.3 in adult dogs and 38.5% in puppies. The results showed that age, lifestyle, and infection rate all showed significantly (p < 0.01) correlated relationships in dogs. The correlation between T. canis infection rates and sex was not statistically significant (p > 0.01). The PCR-based sequencing of T. canis isolates indicated a high percentage of similarities with strains from different geographical regions. The study findings indicate higher rates of T. canis infection in adult and puppy stray dogs, explaining the extent of the infection among domestic dogs and stray dogs, using the latest laboratory methods for diagnosis PCR with the use of the phylogenetic tree to show the extent of similarity with species found in neighboring countries. The study findings are important by giving initial epidemiological data for future studies and control of the parasite.

Next generation sequencing and bio-informatics analysis for the investigation of the vaginal bacterial microflora of clinically healthy mares

2025-08-07T11:29:37+00:00

This study was focused on the investigation of the constitution of the vaginal bacterial microflora of mares, using 16Sr-RNA next generation sequencing and bio-informatics analysis. Samples were collected from the inner vaginal wall of 30 clinically healthy adult mares from various locations in central Greece. Successful reads were retrieved from 28 samples resulting to the presumptive identification of 192 bacterial species belonging to 87 genera. None of the bacterial genera or species that were detected was present in all the test samples, which indicates that the vaginal bacterial microflora of the study population is diverse. The bacterial genera detected the most in the test samples were Staphylococcus (89%) and Acinetobacter (54%). The bio-informatics analysis produced evidence of a much richer microbiota for the Greek native, compared to the Arabian and other breeds, and indicated variations in its constitution associated with the reproduction and vaccination records.

Morphometric and thermo-physiological diversity in two chicken genotypes kept by rural farmers under tropical conditions

2025-08-07T11:29:39+00:00

This study investigated phenotypic diversity in indigenous normal feathered and Noiler chickens kept by rural farmers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A total of 180 birds at six weeks of age, comprising equal sexes were randomly sampled. Body weight, six primary biometric traits, four morphological indices and four thermo-physiological traits were measured on each bird for six months. The general linear model was used to test the fixed and interaction effects of genotype, sex and location on these traits. Noiler birds had higher (p < 0.05) morphometric traits and morphological indices than indigenous chickens, except for stockiness. Male birds outperformed their female counterparts in body traits and indices, while location effect was also significant. Heat tolerance traits were similar across genotypes, except for higher pulse rate in Noilers. Female birds appeared more stressed thermally while Nasarawa South birds exhibited higher thermal stress. There were significant (p < 0.05) effects of genotype*sex, genotype*location and sex*location interactions on most body parameters, morphological indices and heat tolerance traits. Optimal body weights for both Noiler male and female chickens were predicted at 25.83 and 27.25 weeks. The present findings would provide a basis for the conservation and genetic improvement of both chicken genotypes in Nigeria.

Tactile stimulation reduces reactivity but does not improve the performance of Brahman’s calves

2025-08-07T11:20:06+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tactile stimulation on the reactivity and performance of Brahman calves. One hundred and nine calves were randomly assigned to two treatments: calves that received tactile stimulation (TS, n = 57) and those that did not (NTS, n = 52). Tactile stimulation was performed for eight minutes, 12 hours after birth. The behavioral variables were collected at weaning (209.50 ± 55.83 days) by assigning reactivity scores in the squeeze chute, which ranged from one to five (one was assigned to a calm calf and five to the most reactive). A flight speed score was assigned when each calf exited the squeeze chute. Performance was assessed using the adjusted weaning weight (WW) and daily weight gain (ADG). TS female calves showed lower reactivity scores in the squeeze chute (p < 0.05) and when leaving it (p < 0.05) than NTS calves, but no significant differences were observed in male calves between the treatments (p > 0.05). WW and GMD did not differ between the treatments (p > 0.05). In conclusion, tactile stimulation performed in Brahman’s calves at birth resulted in less reactivity in female calves without affecting their performance.

Studies of genetic distance and gene flow in Red Sokoto and West African Dwarf goats using restriction fragment length polymorphic marker

2025-08-07T11:29:34+00:00

Due to their hardiness in severe weather, capability to yield milk and meat, fast generation times, capacity to withstand the substandard diets, goats constitute an indispensable part of rural agricultural systems. Gene flow, genetic distance, and alleles were investigated in Red Sokoto (50) and West African Dwarf (45). For each animal, approximately 5 milliliters of aseptic blood taken. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and electrophoresis were carried out after the DNA samples were isolated and purified. Gene flow, anticipated (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho), degree of genetic diversity and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were determined. The results revealed that for Red Sokoto and West African Dwarf goats, the allele frequency of gene A and C varied between (7.2 &7.5) and (2.8 & 2.4) respectively. Ho values were 56% for Red Sokoto and 48.89% for West African Dwarf. The West African dwarf (37.35%) had the lowest estimates of He compared to Red Sokoto population (40.73%).The Mean Fis, Fit, Fst and Nm* were -0.3576, -0.3554, 0.0016 and 152.78 respectively for the populations studied. According to the findings, the goat populations exhibited the highest genetic similarity (0.9996) and the lowest genetic distance (0.0004), It was deduced that there is homology of alleles at the locus, low percentage of gene differentiation, and heterozygosis loss in the populations of native goats studied.

Using the five domains to assess the well-being of equines in the municipality of Juatuba – state of Minas Gerais

2025-08-07T11:29:32+00:00

Due to the growth of horse breeding in Minas Gerais, there has been an increase in the number of horses kept in individual stalls, which compromises their health and favors the appearance of stereotypies, as horses are highly influenced by environmental conditions. In order to assess and minimize the effects of confinement, an analysis form was drawn up based on the Five Domains model and the Animal Welfare Assessment (AWA) practical guide. The aim of the study was to evaluate and quantify the EW status of 12 farms in the city of Juatuba, in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. The data was analyzed by analysis of variance, using the FREQ procedure of SAS, version 9.0 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The Welfare Assessment Form made it possible to identify which aspects within the Five Domains could be improved to ensure a better quality of life for the animals. The properties evaluated had a satisfactory Welfare status in general, but some specific characteristics require adjustments to meet the criteria mentioned.

Chemical analysis and in situ dry matter disappearance of açaí seeds chemically treated with urea

2025-08-07T11:29:30+00:00

This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition and in situ dry matter disappearance of açaí seeds treated with urea. Açaí seeds were treated with urea solutions at different concentrations (0, 5 and 7.5% CH₄N₂O). Subsequently, chemical analyses and in situ tests were carried out to evaluate the disappearance of dry matter (DM) in the periods of 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of incubation. The increasing inclusion of urea influenced the DM, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF), except for mineral matter (MM). The DM content decreased with increasing urea levels, the control presented 92.99%. CP increased by 23.93% as urea inclusion increased. EE content was lower in the 5% treatment, reaching 0.79%. NDF, ADF, and lignin of the açaí seed decreased with increasing urea, with a lower content observed in the 7.5% CH₄N₂O treatment. Urea influenced the disappearance of DM, with greater loss in the 96-hour incubation in the 7.5% CH₄N₂O treatment. Açaí seeds can be included in the diet of ruminants when treated with urea.

Investigating consequences of non-synonymous Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the Zyxin gene on protein structure and functions in Nigerian indigenous and Nera black chickens Zyxin

2025-08-07T11:29:24+00:00

Zyxin functions as a regulator of the restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton during the process of repairing tissue damage, cell movement and attachment. It has also been identified as a potential gene involved in chicken coccidiosis. In order to gain a deeper understanding of these phenomena, we employed a collection of computer-based techniques and databases to examine the amino acid sequence, structural dynamics, molecular interactions, and activities of the gene. Our analysis revealed that Zyxin contains two non-synonymous SNPs (A > C at position 22 and G > A at position 137) at exon 1. Also, there existed a non-synonymous SNPs in Exon 3 (A>C and A>T both at position 861) of the gene with Synonymous SNPs observed only in exon 3 (A>G at position 812 and 854, T > C at position 863). The genetic diversity revealed in these chicken populations indicates the presence of genetic variation, with Naked neck chickens showing a considerably higher frequency of particular SNPs. Two non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) were forecasted to exert a profound influence on the structure, stability, and activities of Zyxin, thereby heightening the vulnerability to coccidiosis.

Syzygium aromaticum and propolis emulgel for preventing mastitis

2025-08-07T11:35:50+00:00

Several sanitary measures must be adopted during the milking process to minimize the transmission of mastitis-causing agents that can be transferred to the milk, depreciating its microbiological quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an emulgel composed by propolis and clove essential oil in post-dipping for lactating cows. For the in vitro inhibition test against Staphylococcus aureus, was observed a greater effectiveness (88%) of clove essential oil (Syzygium Aromatum) comparing to the other components of the emulgel. For the field test, five animals were used for the control group (iodine) and five animals with emulgel (hydrated Carbopol® + propolis and essential oil of leaf clove) as post-dipping, applied daily to the teats of lactating cows with the aid of conventional applicators after milking. Milk samples were collected on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28, for the evaluation of milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC) and microbiological evaluation. No significant effects were observed for the variable fats and SCC (p > 0.05). However, for the protein variable, effects were significant for the interaction between the control group, the emulgel and the evaluated days (p < 0.05). The lactose variable showed significant effects for the evaluation days (p < 0.05). The staphylococcal count in milk was similar for both evaluated groups. The emulgel has promising characteristics for use as a post-dipping disinfectant.

Physicochemical Analysis of Honey Produced and Sold in the Municipality of Senhor do Bonfim, Bahia

2025-08-07T11:29:17+00:00

The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical characteristics of Apis mellifera L. honey produced and sold in Senhor do Bonfim, Bahia, Brazil. A completely randomized design was adopted; it consisted of 6 treatments and 4 replicates, with the honey collection sites being considered as the treatments, namely: T1CMQ - Quicé Honey House, T2AMt - Maranata Apiary, T3FLv - Senhor do Bonfim Street Market, T4AMT - Monte Tabor Apiary, T5AJVC - Juvêncio Apiary and T6AS - Souza Apiary. The honeys in the different treatments analyzed showed similarity for moisture, total titratable acidity and Lund reaction (p > 0.05). The lowest ash and total soluble solids contents were obtained by the T3FLv honey samples (p < 0.05). The highest pH was obtained in the T1CMQ samples (p < 0.05). The honeys were classified as having a color between extra light amber and light amber. The Lugol test was negative. The results found show that the honey produced and sold in Senhor do Bonfim, BA, is of good quality and suitable for human consumption.

Single nucleotide polymorphism in Osteopontin gene and its association with milk traits in Azikheli buffalo

2025-08-07T11:20:03+00:00

Osteopontin (OPN) is known to effect milk composition traits. This study aimed to associate OPN gene polymorphism with milk traits in Azikheli buffaloes. Data were collected for milk yield and milk composition from 30 buffaloes. DNA samples of these specimen were used to amplify exon 4, intron 4 and exon 6 of the OPN gene using predesigned primers. The PCR products were sequenced through Sanger sequencing. The results showed that the milk yield varied significantly (p < 0.001) among Azikheli buffaloes. Sanger sequencing revealed 24 SNPs in the targeted regions of OPN, among which 2 were found in the high yielding buffaloes, while 23 were in the low yielding buffaloes of which one SNP was shared. One novel SNP g.5096T>C in the intron 5 of the OPN gene showed significant association with milk yield and milk protein. non-synonymous substitutions were observed at different loci i.e., g.5521C>T (Asp108Glu), g.5505C>T (Ala128Val), g.5446T>A (Thr149Ala), and 5395CGA>DEL (Asp92Del). Among the non-synonymous mutations only Ala128Val was found to have effect on protein stability (DDG = – 0.92 kcal mol^-1) due to its presence in the conserved region of the protein. In conclusion, our results suggest SNP g.5096T>C as a potential genetic marker for high milk yield in Azikheli buffalo.

Review Understanding Ethno-Ornithology - Birds of the Residents?

2025-08-07T11:20:01+00:00

This research, conducted between November 2019 and May 2020 in Jaguarari, Bahia State, aimed to inventory birds used for trophic purposes, capture techniques, zootherapeutic uses, caged birds, and their associations with local myths and legends. Fifty residents who interact with the avifauna were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. A total of 172 ethnospecies were recorded, with 24 used for consumption, highlighting Crypturellus parvirostris. Birds are captured using 13 techniques, including shotguns and "visgo-de-jaca." Some species, such as Coragyps atratus and Fluvicola nengeta, are not consumed for cultural reasons. For zootherapeutic purposes, 11 species were recorded, with columbina talpacoti being the most notable. Twenty-two species were recorded as caged birds, with Paroaria dominicana and Sporophila nigricollis being the most common. In symbolic and ritualistic beliefs, some birds are associated with bad luck and weather predictions. The results contribute to local ecological knowledge and may assist in the development of avifauna management and conservation programs, integrating sociocultural and ecological factors.

Associations between the genotypes of the calpain and cal-pastatin genes and performance, carcass parameters and meat quality in Nelore cattle

2025-08-07T11:19:56+00:00

The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between polymorphisms in the calpain (CAPN) and calpastatin (CAST) genes with the performance, carcass quality and meat quality traits of Nelore cattle. A total of 95 male Nelore cattle were used for the experiment. For molecular analysis, genomic DNA was extracted from the muscle tissue of the animals, and the polymerase chain reaction–single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR–SSCP) technique was used to detect and identify the following polymorphisms: three genotypes of the CAPN9 gene (exon 9), eight patterns in the CAPN14 gene (exon 14) and four genotypes of the CAST5 gene (exon 5). The CAST5 genotype was associated with soluble collagen content and the percentages of lauric (C12:0) and palmitic (C16:0) acids. The CAPN14 genotype affected the final pH and moisture content of the Nellore cattle meat. CAPN9 gene polymorphisms were not associated with the Nelore cattle parameters analyzed. The occurrence of CAST5 and CAPN14 gene polymorphisms may change the fatty acid profile and parameters associated with the quality of Nellore cattle meat.

Microbial Quality of traditionally smoked Clarias gariepinus and Micromesistus poutassou in local markets in River state, Nigeria

2025-08-07T11:19:46+00:00

The present study evaluated microorganisms associated with traditionally smoked Clarias gariepinus and Micromesistus poutassou collected from three local markets (Mile One, Choba and Igwuruta) in Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria. Bacterial and fungal analyses of the samples were carried out in the laboratory following standard procedures. The results showed wide variations in bacterial and fungal counts in smoked samples of C. gariepinus and M. poutassou collected from the three markets. Seven bacterial species (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Enterobacter sp, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp,) were identified in the samples. In smoked catfish, total bacterial counts (4.2x10⁵ cfu) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in samples from Mile One Market while the least counts (1.64x10⁵ cfu) was observed in samples from Igwuruta Market. Samples from Choba market recorded significantly higher coliform and Salmonella counts when compared with the values recovered from the other two markets. Similarly, E. coli growth was observed only in samples from Choba market at 3.90x10³cfu. Based on public health concerns, the microorganisms identified in this study are causative agents of foodborne illnesses, hence the need to exercise caution in direct consumption of the fishes.

A Review on the human-animal biodiversity interaction

2025-08-07T11:19:44+00:00

Little has been studied about human-animal interaction in general; Some particular experimental and descriptive studies provide information that must be systematized. The systematic review study aims to answer, using the standard Prisma methodology, the research question: What is known about the interaction of human-animal biodiversity? It includes original open access studies, of the experimental and descriptive type that provide relevant information, extracted from the Scopus database, from 2015 to 2023, using the keyword biodiversity, until the date of October 26, 2023. The analysis of the data uses cluster analysis, and the nearest neighbor method, 19 studies were selected that show the dynamic interaction between humans and animals. The study is limited to describing interactions between humans and animals, excluding other interactions. It concludes by showing the positive and negative impacts of coexistence, the majority being negative such as predation, transmission of emerging diseases, nutritional use, behavioral changes, changes in land use and their economic and social consequences, for which laws and policies that guarantee regulated coexistence.

Polymorphism of pituitary specific transcription factor-1 (PIT-1) gene at exon 6 and its association with zoometric traits of FUNAAB Alpha chickens

2025-08-07T11:19:39+00:00

Pituitary specific transcription factor 1 (PIT-1) gene plays a critical role in the regulation of growth and development of muscle in chicken. This study was conducted to determine polymorphism of PIT-1 gene in FUNAAB Alpha chickens and its association with body weight and body morphometric traits (body length, thigh length, keel length wing span and wing length). Genomic DNA was extracted from ninety-seven (97) FUNAAB Alpha chickens at eight (8) weeks of age. Genotyping was done using PCR-RFLP technique and growth parameters were also recorded. Results revealed alleles A and B with genotypes AA, AB and BB which were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with body weight and body morphometric traits of chickens. BB genotype had the highest frequency of 0.52 compared with AA and AB genotypes which had 0.32 and 0.16, respectively. Particularly, the PIT-1 genotypes (AA, AB and BB) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with body morphometric traits at 6^th week. Also the interaction effect of PIT-1 genotypes and sex showed a significant (p < 0.05) association with body weight at 4^th and 8^th week, in which the BB males showed superior performance over the females. Our study concluded that PIT-1 gene at exon 6 was polymorphic and could be explored as biomarker for improvement of growth performance in FUNAAB Alpha chicken.

Role of infection with Hymenolepis nana in alteration of some Biochemical, Immnunological and Histological parameters in Mice/Balb-C

2025-08-07T11:24:10+00:00

The current study was conducted from November 2023 to February 2024 on 20 male laboratory mice. The current study evaluated the effect of infection with the dwarf worm on some biochemical and immunological parameters and some histological changes of the liver and intestine of laboratory mice. During the current study, liver enzymes, some cellular motility and immunoglobulin E were measured using ELISA technology by providing a set of work from well-known international companies. Histological sections of the liver and intestine of mice were also prepared for both the control and dwarf worm-infected groups. The current study showed significant differences between the levels of enzymes, cellular motility and immunoglobulin E levels by comparing the results of the infected group with the control group. In addition, the current study also showed changes in the liver and intestine tissues by comparing with the control group as well. It appears from the results of the current study that infection with the dwarf worm causes changes in liver functions and stimulates the immune response in addition to histological changes in both the liver and intestine.

Effects of Breed and Sex on Performance and Blood Characteristics of Three Commercial Broiler Strains

2025-09-26T11:24:25+00:00

This study was conducted to compare three strains (Arbor Acre, Cobb and Marshal) of broiler chickens using growth traits and biochemical profile with the view of identifying the best strain in the broilers. The experiment was conducted to investigate the performance and blood characteristics of three commercial broiler strains. 288 day-old of Arbor acre, Cobb and Marshall strains were used comprised of 96 birds per strains on a 12 replicates with 8 birds in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The birds were sexed and tagged using a wing tag. All data generated were subjected to 2 by 3 factorial in completely randomized design (CRD). Least square means of body weights indicated that strains had significant (p < 0.05) effect on the birds with Cobb having the highest weights compared to Arbore acre and Marshall. Body linear measurement also showed significant (p < 0.05) effect on all parameters on both sex and strains. Female birds showed significantly (p < 0.05) different than the male on mean cell volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin only while the strain effect was significant on all haematological parameters measured. Furthermore, serum biochemical indices revealed that there was significant (p < 0.05) influence on strain and sex was not significantly (p > 0.05) influenced. It was, therefore, concluded from the study that Cobb performed better than Arbor acre and Marshall strains at 6 weeks and could be a better strain to attain maturity at a shortest possible period.

Barrows and gilts respond differently as experimental models for Escherichia coli challenge during the nursery phase

2025-09-26T11:24:25+00:00

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of Escherichia coli (E. coli) F4 challenge in nursery piglets, and to develop an experimental model to be used in research. Ninety-six weaned piglets were divided in a 2 x 2 factorial design consisting of E. coli challenge (challenged or not challenged) and sex (barrows or gilts). Pig growth performance, fecal score, blood count, intestinal morphometry, and cecal content (microbiological and short-chain fatty acid analysis) data were collected and analyzed. Pigs in the non-challenged treatment had 6% greater average daily gain during day 8-28 (the period in which the health challenge was administered) and 1.2% greater average daily feed intake in over the entire experiment, when compared to challenged pigs. Gilts in the non-challenged group had a higher villus: crypt ratio when compared to piglets in the challenged group. These findings indicate that the pathogen challenge using Escherichia coli F4 strains, especially in gilts, proved to be an effective method to reproduce commercial health challenges in the first two weeks postweaning and may be used in experimental models.

Conservation, fermentation, and nutritional quality of apple pomace silage with moisture-absorbing additives

2025-09-26T11:24:24+00:00

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of moisture-absorbing additives for the conservation of apple pomace silage, and the effects on its fermentation and nutritional quality. The dry matter content (DMC) of apple pomace was determined using a microwave oven method, which was tested and compared to the standard oven method to facilitate calculation of the apple pomace quantities required to achieve 350 g kg^-1 DMC in the ensiled mass. Five treatments were evaluated in experimental silos: fresh apple pomace (FAP); FAP with ground maize grain; FAP with soybean meal; FAP with wheat bran; and FAP with soybean hulls. A randomized block experimental design was used. Data were analyzed using the R statistical program, adopting a significance level of 0.05. The DMC obtained using the microwave oven method was similar to that obtained with the standard oven method (164.4 and 156.1 g kg^-1, respectively). The nutritional composition of the silages varied with additives; soybean meal increased crude protein content, while soybean hulls increased the fiber fraction (p < 0.001). The pH values were below 4.20. The addition of wheat bran resulted in 176.42 g kg^-1 of ammoniacal nitrogen, indicating increased proteolysis. The incorporation of moisture-absorbing additives into apple pomace silage reduced gas losses by 20.1% and effluent losses by 65.9% (p < 0.001). Overall, the additives improved fermentation profile and reduced losses, enhancing the silage's nutritional composition.

Performance and Welfare of Laying Hens Raised on Floor in Relation to Different Housing Densities

2025-09-26T11:24:24+00:00

This study analyzed the productive performance, egg quality and physiological and behavioral parameters of laying hens at different housing densities in a cage-free system, following animal welfare guidelines and improvements in animal housing in intensive systems. 252 Novogen Brown laying hens, 52 weeks old and with an average weight of 1,740 ± 0.11 kg, were used over 63 days, divided into three periods of 21 days. The study adopted a completely randomized experimental design, with four treatments and seven replications. The housing densities tested were: 6 birds box^-1 (0.406 m2 bird^-1), 8 birds box^-1 (0.305 m2 bird^-1), 10 birds box^-1 (0.244 m2 bird^-1) and 12 birds box^-1 (0.203 m2 bird^-1 bird). The data were analyzed for normality of residuals, homogeneity of variance and independence of errors, using linear and quadratic regression models for each variable. In cage-free poultry production systems, housing densities of 6 to 8 birds per box can be used without affecting performance, egg quality, physiological or behavioral parameters of the hens.

Effect of molting programs and Humulus lupulus plant on tibia characteristics and expression of TRPV6 gene in different molting periods of laying hens

2025-09-26T11:24:22+00:00

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of molting programs and Humulus (Humulus lupulus) plant on tibia characteristics and expression of TRPV6 gene in Pre, during and post-molting layers. Experiment 1, Hy-line W-36 (75-76 weeks, n= 272) laying hens 20 hens slaughtered before molting at end of 76 week for checking status. Experiment 2, A total of 252 Hy-line W-36 were managed in 7 treatments, 6 replicates and 6 birds in each. Treatments including: (A) feed withdrawal (FW), (B) basal diet + 2% Portulaca oleracea plant powder, (C) basal diet + 30% sunflower seed hulls + 2% Portulaca oleracea powder, (D) basal diet + 2% white button mushroom waste, (E) basal diet + 30% sunflower seed hulls + 2% white button mushroom waste, (F) basal diet + 30% sunflower seed hulls and (G) basal diet (Control treatment). Experiment 3, A total hens of treatments in experiment 2 after slaughter of 20 hens maintained for experiment 3, then each treatment diet was modulated in to two treatments (with and without Humulus). In this step, this 224 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were designed by 14 treatments, 4 replicates and 4 hens in each in a 7×2 factorial arrangement with completely randomized design (CRD). The highest tibia weight and bone cortical thickness were observed in the treatment contain Portulaca Oleracea powder (p < 0.05). A higher tibia weight, bone cortical thickness, ash and density were indicated by Humulus plant in post-molting periods (p < 0.05). The bone cortical thickness and ash were increased by basal diet + 30% sunflower seed hulls + 2% Portulaca Oleracea powder and basal diet + 30% sunflower seed hulls treatments at post molting periods (p < 0.05). During the post-molting period, there was no significant effect on maximum strain and elastic modulus by Humulus and molting methods (p > 0.05). Also, no significant differences were found in expression of TRPV6 mRNA in the jejunum, kidney and egg shell gland (ESG) during molting and post-molting periods (p > 0.05). In conclude, improve tibia characteristics during molting and post-molting periods by Portulaca oleracea powder and white button mushroom waste Moreover, Humulus plant improved tibia status without affecting TRPV6 mRNA expression.

The Effectiveness of hydroalcoholic extract Hyssopus Angustifolius in amelioration of hematology and immune response indices in rat

2025-09-26T11:24:22+00:00

Medicinal plants due to their diverse active ingredients have a high potential to become safe and effective drugs for humans and animals. One of the most important sources of medicinal plants in Iran is Hyssopus officinalis, which Hyssopus angustifolius (Hyssop) species is specific to Iran and grows in different parts of Iran. Numerous therapeutic properties of Hyssop such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic have been reported. However, there is limited information on its effects on the immune system. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Hyssop on blood and immunological parameters in Wistar rats, such as: complete blood cell count (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, red and white blood cells and percentage of each them), immunology parameters in blood (phagocytosis percentage and average phagocytic bacteria) and in serum (total protein, Albumin and Immunoglobulin M). For this purpose, 32 male Wistar rats were used. The rats were divided into a control and 3 experimental groups. The experimental groups received 50, 100 and 150 mg kg^-1 of hydroalcoholic extract of Hyssop for 21 days. At the end of experiment period blood samples were taken to measure the blood and immunological parameters. The results showed that concentration of 50 mg kg^-1 of the extract increased phagocytosis percentage, average phagocytic bacteria and increased immunity. A concentration of 100 mg kg^-1 of Hyssop was led to an increase in blood Platelets. Also, this concentration was increased white blood cells and was decreased neutrophils and immunoglobulin M. Concentration of 150 mg kg^-1 increased the level of immunity and number of white blood cells. In general, the results of this study showed that the effect of Hyssop on blood and immunological parameters is different depending on the type of indicator and Hyssop extract concentration.

Evaluation of Role of Some Adipokines and Anti-Mullerian Hormone in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Nineveh Governorate – Iraq

2025-09-26T11:24:21+00:00

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders among women of reproductive age and one of the most important causes of poor fertility, This syndrome is accompanied by metabolic dysfunction and poor fertility. This study aimed to evaluate the role of some adipokines (chemerin and visfatin) among the causes of the disease and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) as a basic indicator of this syndrome, in the serum of 100 female patients, it included single and married women who do not have children (primary infertility) and women who are married but have children (secondary infertility), their ages ranged between (15-45) years, from visits to both Al-Batoul and Al-Khansaa Teaching Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology in Nineveh Governorate, who was diagnosed with the syndrome by obstetricians, gynecologists and poor fertility doctors, as well as 50 healthy females (single and married women) of the same ages who were considered as a control group. The results of the study showed a significant increase in the probability level (p ≤ 0.01) in the level of chemerin, visfatin, and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). The 26% of chemerin in the serum of the women with PCOS reached single women, 26% for single women, 40% for married women, 46% for married women with primary infertility and for married women with secondary infertility was 32% compared to control, and the rate of increase in visfatin in affected women was 22% for single women, 26% for married women, 31% for married women with primary infertility and for married women with secondary infertility 21% compared to control, while the rate of increase in anti-Müllerian hormone in affected women reached 128% for single women,108% for married women, 103% for married women with primary infertility and 163% for married women with secondary infertility compared to control. We conclude from this study that chemerin, visfatin, and AMH can be used as a biomarker for early detection of PCOS and clinical signs such as poor fertility and hyperandrogenism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

First report in Cuba of the presence of the louse Goniodes colchici (Denny, 1842) (Phthiraptera: Goniodidae) on Gallus gallus domesticus (Galliforme, Phasianidae).

2025-09-27T11:24:29+00:00

Laying hens are affected by numerous species of lice. High infestations cause intense itching, irritation and destruction of feathers. In addition to interfering with the nutrition and rest of the birds, with the consequent impact on meat and egg production. Although several studies have been carried out on this topic in Cuba, findings of a species of louse were recently observed whose taxonomic characteristics differ from the species described in the country. The objective of the study is to report this new species of malophagous insect in Gallus gallus domesticus. Laying hens of the White Leghorn breed, 445 days old, from the Mayabeque province, Cuba, were sampled. From each bird, 3 to 5 feathers were extracted from seven regions of the body: head, back, wings, cloaca area, anterior thigh, tail and pectoral area. The collected specimens were mounted in Canada Balsam, on slides and coverslips for taxonomic identification under an optical microscope. The slides were placed in an incubator at 28ºC for seven days for clarification and subsequent identification. The level of infestation or intensity of invasion was determined taking into account the number of feather insects found. The taxonomic characteristics found in these insects coincide with those described for the species Goniodes colchici (Denny, 1842). The presence of the louse G. colchici (Phthiraptera: Goniodidae) on Gallus gallus domesticus is reported for the first time in Cuba.

The dynamic oscillatory rheological properties of hen’s egg white proteins using various enzymes

2025-09-27T11:24:27+00:00

This study evaluated the effect of different commercial enzymes on the rheological behavior of the treated hen’s egg white protein (HEWP). The enzymes of phospholipase A₂, lipase, and protease were used in the research. These research findings indicate that all treated and non-treated HEWP samples exhibited non-newtonian behavior. It was observed that enzyme-hydrolyzed HEWP flow behavior was similar to that of the control HEWP samples where viscosity decreased with an increase in the shear rate. The lower storage modulus was obtained by phospholipase A₂ and protease-treated samples. The protease enzyme treatment leads to a decrease in viscous modulus and an increase in storage modulus values. The overall observation confirmed that the HEWP loses its liquidity after 64°C.