Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences

Generating family farming revenue through juvenile fish production: a case study in native species

2025-02-19T11:58:16+00:00

In view of the need to improve the development of family production enterprises, zootechnical and economic planning were conducted in a rural settlement in 0.78 ha of water depth for the rearing and marketing of juveniles of the tambatinga hybrid (♀ tambaqui Colossoma macropomum x ♂ pirapitinga Piaractus brachypomus) to verify its economic viability. For the zootechnical indicators, a 16-month production cycle was determined, with three juvenile production cycles and two fattening cycles. For the remaining fish that were not sold, the quantity of initial and final fish, stock biomass, average initial and final weight, apparent feed conversion, and mortality rate were determined. For economic planning, a total operating cost methodology was adopted to determine the costs per unit of production, gross revenue, gross margin, net profit, and profitability index. The production of juveniles of many sizes is economically viable for family farming, showing attractive profitability indicators even under adverse zootechnical conditions. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of zootechnical and economic planning on a property that can optimize production and use of the area, as well as showing producers how rewarding it is to farm fish.

Assessment of the agronomic and nutritional characteristics of sorghum genotypes with and without brown midrib

2025-02-19T11:58:46+00:00

The objective was to evaluate agronomic characteristics and nutritional value of silages of sorghum genotypes without bmr mutation and carriers of bmr mutation. 14 genotypes were used, 7 conventional (BRS 655, BRS 658, BRS 659, BRS 610, Volumax, 156x947216 and 156x947030) and 7 bearers of the BMR6 gene (2014f15641, 2014f15645, 2014f15649, 2014F1561, 2014f15681 and 2014). The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with 4 blocks and 14 treatments totaling 56 experimental plots. The averages of the variables were submitted to ANOVA using SISVAR, when significant, the treatments were compared using the Scott-Knott test at a 5% probability level. There was difference (p<0.05) for flowering days and height between genotypes. As for crude protein, average levels ranged from 11.10 to 14.66% for 2014F15645 and BRS 610. Regardless of the mutation, there was no difference (p>0.05) between the genotypes carrying the mutation and those not carrying the lignin and in situ dry matter digestibility. The BRS 655, BRS 658, BRS 659, BRS 610, VOLUMAX, 2014F15645, 2014F15649, 2014F15661, 2014F15681 and 2014F15685 genotypes are more suitable for silage production, with higher dry matter production. Regarding DISMS all genotypes can be used for silage production.

Prediction of the chemical composition of Cenchrus clandestinus grass using Near Infrared Spectroscopy – NIRS

2025-08-07T11:19:53+00:00

Forage evaluation is important as milk production depends on the availability of highly nutritious forage. The aim of this study was to develop nutrient content prediction equations for kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus), a universally used forage in Colombian specialized dairy farms, with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Kikuyu samples obtained from two hundred dairy farms in the North of Antioquia were analyzed for DM, protein, NDF and ADF. Using three-step procedure (calibration, cross validation, and prediction), equations were developed in a NIRS equipment (NIRS DS 2500 monochromator, Foss-NIRsystem, Denmark). The absorbance values (logarithm (1/R), R = reflectance) were analyzed using the software WinISI version 4.8, performing mathematical treatments to generate several equations per chemical component analyzed. The R²_v for protein content was 0.96 and SEP was 0.54 indicating an appropriate prediction equation. The R²_v for NDF and ADF contents were 0.89 and 0.88 respectively, however the SEP value was lower for ADF (0.69) than NDF (1.88). Chemical composition for protein, NDF and ADF in kikuyu grass can reliably predicted using equations developed in NIRS. However, it was not possible to develop a prediction equation for kikuyu DM.

Production and quality of hydroponic corn fodder cultivated in various substrates and harvested at different times

2025-08-07T11:19:51+00:00

In the adaptation of the hydroponic cultivation technique, fodder species can be obtained from germination to seedling cultivation, to obtain fresh green food of superior quality, to supplement animal feed. Thus, this experiment aimed to evaluate productive and qualitative aspects of hydroponic corn fodder produced on different organic substrates (rice husk, coffee husk, sugarcane bagasse, and corn straw) in two cultivation periods (up to the 10 and 15th days after sowing). This was a 5 x 2 factorial completely randomized experimental design, with four replications, totaling 40 experimental plots. Sugarcane bagasse and coffee husk did not promote the aerial development of corn seedlings in hydroponic fodder cultivation, considering that they were green materials and had not been subjected to prior composting. The substrates tested showed significantly higher substrate dry biomass and total dry matter (DM) production than the control hydroponic fodder (no substrate). Cultivation of hydroponic corn fodder up to the 10th day after sowing resulted in higher total DM production. Hydroponic fodder obtained from rice husk showed higher DM, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents, for harvesting after 15 days of cultivation, differing significantly from the control treatment. Hydroponic fodder from coffee husk substrate had higher lignin and ash contents, showing lower nutritional quality of the food.

Initial growth of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Massai grass biostimulated with Burkholderia pyrrocinia at different sowing depths

2025-08-07T11:19:49+00:00

Sowing depth affects both germination and emergence of seeds. Thus, inoculation with Burkholderia pyrrocinia, a biostimulant, may have positive effects on grass establishment. The aim was to evaluate the effects of inoculation with B. pyrrocinia (BP; without and with) and sowing depth (SD; 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 cm) on the initial growth of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Massai. Germination, emergence, and initial shoot and root growth were assessed. The evaluations were performed 21 days after planting. The germination percentage (%G) was affected by the BP×SD interaction (P<0.05), with the highest %G occurring at 4.11 cm and 4.90 cm when the seed was inoculated and not inoculated, respectively. The emergence speed index (ESI) was also affected by the interaction of the factors (p < 0.05), following a quadratic effect when inoculation was performed, with the highest ESI at a depth of 4.17 cm, while the absence of inoculation resulted in a linear ESI across the depths. However, the initial forage mass was not influenced by the treatments (p > 0.05), with an average production of 0.065 g. Inoculation with Burkholderia pyrrocinia combined with sowing depth enhances the initial growth of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Massai by increasing the germination percentage and emergence speed.

Effect of β-mannanase enzyme supplementation on the diet of broilers fed full-fat deactivated soy

2025-02-19T11:58:27+00:00

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of broiler chickens fed a diet containing deactivated soy supplemented with the enzyme β-mannanase. A total of 1,152 broiler chickens, one day old and from the COOB 500 lineage, were used in a completely randomized design with a 4x2 factorial scheme. Four levels of β-mannanase (0, 80, 160, and 240 g ton^-1) and the presence or absence of deactivated soy were tested, with eight repetitions, each with 18 birds per experimental unit. On the 1^st, 7^th, 14^th, 21^st, 28^th, 35^th, and 42^nd days of life, the birds were weighed, and the feed leftovers were measured to obtain performance variables. From days 1 to 21, weight gain, feed conversion, and average weight were significantly affected by the addition of β-mannanase to the diet. The use of deactivated soy in combination with enzyme levels in mg kg^-1 of metabolizable energy resulted in greater gains than did the use of soybean meal combined with the same levels of metabolizable energy. The use of deactivated soy along with 240 mg of β-mannanase enzyme supplementation in broiler diets from 1--42 days of age is recommended, as this supplementation improves bird performance.

Dietary supplementation with mango leaf powder influences broiler chickens’ growth characteristics, blood parameters, and carcass

2025-02-19T11:58:08+00:00

This study examined the impact of mango leaf powder supplementation on broiler chickens’ growth, blood parameters, and carcass of broiler chickens. Two hundred (200) day-old broilers were divided into four groups: Control (CONT), 200 mg kg^-1 Vitamin C (VITC), 250 mg kg^-1 mango leaf powder (MLP2), and 500 mg kg^-1 mango leaf powder (MLP3). VITC, MLP2, and MLP3 groups showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) body weight gain than CONT, with similar feed intake and conversion ratios (p > 0.05). Organ weights (heart, lung, liver, spleen) were unaffected (p > 0.05), except for the pancreas in MLP2, which was lower (p < 0.05) than CONT. Hematological indices exhibited no significant differences (p > 0.05). Serum total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, cholesterol, and creatinine remained stable (p > 0.05). However, serum catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and lipid peroxidase levels were significantly (p < 0.05) increased with mango leaf powder supplementation. Mango leaf powder supplementation improved body weight gain, dressed percentage, and oxidative status of broiler chickens.

Probiotic supplementation in diets for laying hens and its effects on the internal quality of eggs stored under refrigeration

2025-08-07T11:29:58+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate probiotics supplementation in diets for semi-heavy layers hens and their effects on the internal quality of eggs stored under refrigeration for different periods. 210 Hisex Brown^® laying hens aged 30 weeks were distributed in a completely randomized design wIth six treatments, and seven replications,. The experimental diets were offered for 112 days. The experimental diets were: Control: control diet, without the inclusion of probiotics and feed efficiency-enhancing additives; CP: positive control feed with the inclusion of a feed efficiency-enhancing additive (Halquinol antibiotic inclusion at 60g kg^-1); C+100: control feed with the inclusion of 100 g t^-1 of a product based on Bacillus subtilis (Bacillus subtilis guaranteed level 2.0*10⁶ CFU/g); C+150: feed with the inclusion of 150 g t^-1 of the Bacillus subtilis-based product; C+200: feed with the inclusion of 200 g t^-1 of Bacillus subtilis-based product; C+250: feed with the inclusion of 250 g t^-1 of Bacillus subtilis-based product. A total of 588 eggs collected in the experimental plots were used (2 eggs per plot), and storage times at room temperature were 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days and were analyzed for internal egg quality. Probiotic supplementation did not influence the internal quality of the eggs. The storage time under refrigeration influenced the percentage and quality of the eggs' internal components and weight loss, with worse results in eggs stored for longer.

Refined crude glycerin in sow feed: A sustainable alternative

2025-08-07T11:29:22+00:00

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of semi-purified glycerin added to the feed of pregnant and lactating sows on performance including dorsal diameter, body condition, daily weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion rate. Growth and feeding parameters were evaluated in born piglets: litter average, survival, daily weight gain, feed conversion rate, and daily milk consumption. Pregnant sows (n = 60; initial weight 180 ± 22 kg) were randomly assigned to the Control or Glycerin group (2%). Semi-purified glycerin was supplied from the beginning of gestation until farrowing. The inclusion of semi-purified glycerin did not affect any of the parameters evaluated in sows during gestation. The inclusion of semi-purified glycerin had a significant effect (p = 0.04) on the body condition of sows at weaning and appeared to have a negative effect on piglet survival. However, semi-purified glycerin caused no negative effects on milk production during lactation and did not affect piglet performance parameters. The addition of semi-purified glycerin as a caloric source could be an economically viable alternative to be implemented in feeding pregnant and lactating sows. However, additional tests are suggested.

Nutritional requirements of digestible methionine+cystine for laying Japanese quails

2025-08-07T11:29:20+00:00

The objective of the present research is to determine optimal levels of digestible methionine+cystine to maximize the laying percentage and to improve the food conversion per egg mass of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The experimental period was divided into three evaluation cycles, using 175 Japanese quails in the laying phase, with an initial age of 60 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of five levels of methionine+digestible cystine (0.742; 0.842; 0.942; 1.042; 1.142%). The performance variables measured were: daily feed consumption, average egg weight, laying percentage and feed conversion per egg mass. For the three evaluation cycles there was no difference in daily feed consumption and average egg weight, while the laying percentage and feed conversion per egg mass showed a quadratic behavior with a peak egg laying percentage of 97.81% and minimum feed conversion per egg mass of 2.39. Level of methionine+cystine necessary to obtain a peak in laying percentage is 0.942%, which provides better feed conversion rates for birds, with methionine+cystine consumption estimated between 253 mg/bird/day and ratio methionine+cystine/lysine of 0.836 %.

Assessment of the effects of the BARF diet on the health of dogs

2025-08-07T11:20:05+00:00

The study aimed to evaluate the BARF (Biologically Appropriate Raw Food) diet based on the mixtures used and to check the impact of the diet on dogs' health by analyzing changes in blood parameters before and after the introduction of a raw diet. The primary research method for this work was an online survey made via the website www.docs.google.com/forms. One hundred questionnaires were obtained in the study. In addition, caregivers of dogs fed the BARF diet were asked to provide laboratory tests, of which 15 results of morphology, biochemistry and expanded ionogram of dogs were obtained before and after introducing the raw diet. The survey results were prepared in Excel and STATISTICA 13.3 (TIBCO Software). In contrast, the blood test results were compared using the Student's T-test for paired samples. Observations and conducted research showed that after introducing the BARF diet to their animals, the respondents noticed many positive effects of their diet. Some of the dogs tested improved their laboratory performance parameters.

Evaluation of drinking water supplementation of two different herbal blends on productive performance and immune responses of broiler chickens

2025-08-07T11:19:48+00:00

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of herbal mixture on the growth performance, intestinal microbial population, and immune responses of broiler chickens. In all, 600 day-old as-hatched Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned in a completely randomized design with four treatments, five replicates, and 30 birds in each replicate. The four treatments were: the control group (not treated) and, the second group received 1 mL L^-1 herbal solutions (Bioherbal®), and two other groups were received 16.6, and 33.3 mL L^-1 commercial herbal solutions (Orex®), respectively. Results showed that while water supplementation of the herbal mixture had no significant effect on feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chickens (p > 0.05), the productive efficiency index (PEI) improved by dietary inclusion of herbal blend at 33.3 mL L^-1 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the lactobacilli population increased and E. coli population was reduced by both herbal mixture addition (p < 0.05). The application of both Herbal growth promoters (Orex® and Bioherbal®) boosted cellular and humoral immunity and decreased the heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (p < 0.05). The present study indicated the positive effect of Orex® addition to water at both concentrations (16.6 or 33.3 mL L^-1) on livability, PEI, ileal microbial populations, and immune system function.

Performance, carcass yield, and meat quality of broilers fed a diet containing Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis

2025-08-07T11:19:43+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) on the performance, organ weights, carcass yield, and meat quality of chickens. A total of 288 male and female one-day-old Cobb chicks were either fed or not fed with Bti at a dose of 1x10⁸ CFU per gram of feed for a period of 42 days resulting in a 2x2 factorial scheme (Bti x sex) with four treatments and 12 replicates of six birds each. The treatments were: T1 - Males without Bti; T2 - Females without Bti; T3 - Males with Bti; and T4 - Females with Bti. Performance variables were assessed weekly. At the end of the trial, 48 chickens (12 birds per treatment) were euthanized to determine carcass yield, edible organ yield, and meat quality. The results indicate that none of the variables were significantly affected by Bti inclusion in the diet. Male chickens, regardless of the BTI factor, showed higher body weight gain and feed intake at 1-21, 22-41, and 1-42 days of age, as well as better feed conversion in the 1-21-day period, in addition to higher live weight, liver weight, and thigh and drumstick weight. In summary, the inclusion of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis in the chickens' diet did not yield positive results, indicating that more studies are needed to optimize its use in poultry production. The performance differences observed between the sexes, with males outperforming females, are consistent with those reported in the poultry industry and scientific literature.

Assessing the potential of black soldier fly larvae meal to replace commercial protein concentrates in broiler diets effects on efficiency, economic values, and internal organs

2025-08-07T11:19:41+00:00

This study examines the ideal incorporation of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in broiler diets, optimizing animal performance while fostering a sustainable food system. Protein utilization, digestion, production efficiency, economic viability, and the development relative weights of internal viscera are evaluated to determine the ideal inclusion level of BSFL. The experiment was conducted in the University's poultry facility. A total of 225-day-old unsexed Ross 308 chicks were randomly allocated to five treatments for 35 days. The treatments substituted imported protein concentrate with BSFL meal at doses of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The findings indicated that treatments including elevated proportions of BSFL meal (50, 75, and 100%) markedly enhanced the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) in comparison to the control, yielding values of 77.48, 77.40, and 77.92%, respectively. Nevertheless, no substantial variations were detected in the protein efficiency ratio (PER) across the treatments. The maximum inclusion level of BSFL (100%) led to an improvement in the economic efficiency index (1087.35) relative to the control (1534.12), as illustrated in Table 3. The decline in the economic efficiency index indicates a decrease in feed costs, which enhances the whole manufacturing process by increasing cost-effectiveness. No substantial disparities in mortality rates persisted uniformly across all treatments. Although notable variances existed among treatments, T5 had the most productive index. No significant variations were seen in the relative weights of internal organs between the treatments, suggesting that BSFL meal did not adversely affect organ development (Table 4). The statistical analysis indicated no significant variations among the experimental treatments regarding the relative weights of the heart, liver, stomach gland, gizzard, cecum, spleen, Fabrician gland, and index gland. In conclusion, BSFL meal demonstrates potential as a cost-efficient and sustainable substitute for imported protein concentrates in broiler diets, with the appropriate inclusion level combining performance enhancements and economic advantages.

Effectiveness of using mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt in feeding dry stable cows

2025-02-19T11:58:43+00:00

The purpose of the investigation was to determine the optimal dose of mixed ligand complexes of zinc, manganese, and cobalt in the ration of dry stable cows in the first and second dry periods. To cover the deficiency of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt, different levels of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt were introduced into the premix. During the dry period, the feeding of cows undergoes changes. During the early dry stable period in cows, feed mixtures with the lowest content of biologically active substances should be used for their feeding, namely, in 1 kg of DM, mg: Zinc and Manganese - 31.5; Cobalt - 0.41 due to mixed ligand complexes. Instead, during the late dry period, they need a higher concentration of these trace elements due to mixed ligand complexes in dry matter: Zinc and Manganese - 35 mg; Cobalt - 0.49 mg. A mandatory condition is to ensure the indicated level of trace elements due to their mixed-ligand complexes. With such feeding, a decrease in the need for labor assistance, the length of the service period and the number of inseminations per successful fertilization, an increase in the productivity.

The efficiency of rumen microbial nitrogen and biomass synthesis of some indigenous range plants using 15N-tracer technique

2025-02-19T11:58:11+00:00

This study was performed to evaluate, by the use of in vitro incubation technique with ruminal liquid and ¹⁵N-tracer for 96 h, some perennial range plants (Artemisia herba-alba Asso, Noaea mucronata Forssk, Lavandula angustifolia Mill, Astragalus spinosus Forssk, Capparis spinosa L.) grown naturally on dry rangelands, in terms of rumen microbial nitrogen (M.N), microbial biomass (M.BM), true fermented organic matter (T.F.OM) and quantification of the efficiency of M.N and M.BM synthesis (M.N or M.BM / T.F.OM), and study the effect of polyethylene glycol (P.E.G) on the aforementioned parameters. C. spinosa had the highest (p < 0.05) values of T.F.OM, M.N and M.BM. Microbial N and M.BM values ranged from 0.57 to 0.82 mg g^-1 DM and from 6.13 to 9.46 mg g^-1 DM, respectively. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences among plant species in terms of the efficiency of M.N and M.BM synthesis, and the average amounted to 0.282 g and 3.25 g 100 g^-1 of truly fermented organic matter, respectively. M.BM and M.N values were negatively correlated with lignin but positively correlated with soluble nitrogen. P.E.G supplementation and the interaction between P.E.G treatment and plant species had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on the estimated parameters.

Effect of Aroeira (schinus terebinthifolius) leaf essential oils on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen balance in lambs fed with high grain diet

2025-08-07T11:29:46+00:00

Evaluate the effect of Aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius) leaf essential oils on rumen fermentation parameters, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen balance in lambs. Treatments were a negative control (CTL - no additives), a positive control (MON - addition of 25 mg of monensin kg^-1 of dry matter), doses of 1.25, 2.5, and 3.75 mL of essential oil kg^-1 of diet as feed. Thirty crossbred Dorper x Santa Ines lambs with rumen cannulas and weighing 53.08 ± 11.04 kg were assigned to randomized blocks with five replicates per treatment. Across the entire observation period 0, 7, 14, and 21 days the feed additives proved effective in reducing butyrate and increasing ammonia. Linear increase in essential oils on isovalerate. Essential oils exhibited a quadratic effect on acetate, butyrate, C2/C3, and methane (p < 0.05), lower values in treatments at 1.25 and 2.5 mL kg^-1. Treatments did not impact with nutrient intake and digestibility. The additives affected the reduction of nitrogen (N) intake and N retained (p < 0.05), Essential oils displayed an effect compared to monensin when decreasing N intake and N retained, with a linear decrease due to the essential oils level when decreasing N intake (p < 0.05). Doses of 1.25, 2.50 mL kg^-1 reduced methane production and positively influenced the VFAs.

Ingestive behavior of Nellore cattle confined during the growing phase in different shading strategies

2025-08-07T11:29:36+00:00

The study evaluated different shading strategies on the ingestive behavior of confined Nellore cattle during the growing phase. The experiment was conducted in the semi-arid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with 225 Nellore cattle (10 months old, 240 kg body weight). A completely randomized design was used with three treatments: no shading (full sun), natural shading (trees), and artificial shading, with 75 animals per group. Climatic variables were recorded, and feeding, ruminating, and idling behaviors were observed every 15 minutes for 24 hours. The full-sun environment was the most uncomfortable, with the highest air temperatures recorded between 12:00 a.m. and 2:50 p.m. Animals under natural shading showed higher feeding frequency, improved feeding efficiency, and greater daily weight gain, resulting in higher final weights. A significant difference (p < 0.05) in air temperature was found among treatments, with the highest value under full sun (29.3°C). Relative humidity and air velocity did not differ significantly. Natural shading improved the environment, leading to better zootechnical performance. The study concluded that providing natural shade for confined Nellore cattle improved ingestive behavior, increased feeding frequency and efficiency, and enhanced weight gain. This strategy is recommended for better cattle management and welfare in semi-arid regions.

Correlations between intake and ingestive behavior of supplemented pasture-finished steers

2025-08-07T11:29:26+00:00

The objective was to evaluate the correlations between intake and ingestive behavior of steers receiving supplementation and finished on pasture. The field phase was conducted at the Princesa do Mateiro Farm, municipality of Ribeirão do Largo, state of Bahia. For this experiment, 32 crossbred steers (Holstein X Zebu) in the finishing phase, with an average initial weight of 420 ± 7.54 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four treatments (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8%) and eight repetitions. Grazing time (GT) did not correlate (p > 0.05) with total dry matter intake (TDMI). GT showed a moderate positive correlation (p < 0.05) with crude protein intake (CPI) and neutral detergent fiber intake corrected for ash and protein (NDFIap). Rumination time (RUM) showed a weak negative correlation (p < 0.05) with NFCI. Trough feeding time (TFT) showed moderate negative correlations with NDFIap and moderate positive correlations with NFCI (p < 0.05). The number of bites per day (NBD) showed a weak negative correlation with TDMI and a moderate negative correlation with CPI, NDFIap (p < 0.05). The correlations found demonstrate that supplementation of steers finished on pasture interferes with their ingestive behavior.

Soybean molasses replacing cracked corn grain improves intake stability in feedlot lambs

2025-08-07T11:19:58+00:00

In this study, we assessed the effects of replacing cracked corn grain with soybean molasses (SM) on the feed intake and ingestive behavior of 30 uncastrated lambs, Santa Inês × Dorper crossbreed, finished in feedlot. The treatments were 0 g kg^-1 DM SM (CON), 150 g kg^-1 DM SM (SM15), and 300 g kg^-1 DM SM (SM30). Dry matter and nutrient intake were evaluated, in addition to ingestive behavior variables such as interactions with the feed bunker, stereotypes, chewing activities, and time spent in feed bunkers in a 24-h period at three different times during the feedlot period (beginning, middle, and end). The replacement of cracked corn grain with SM decreased the dry matter intake % BW (p < 0.05) and ether extract intake (p < 0.05) only at the final feedlot period. Additionally, it linearly decreased the cud chewing time p = 0.01) and increased the number of cuds (p = 0.02). The inclusion of SM allowed for a more stable feed intake during the feeding times (p < 0.05). Replacing cracked corn grain with SM in feedlot lamb diets offers a viable alternative without negatively affecting feed intake, even at levels of up to 300 g kg^-1. This substitution improves the stability of feed intake.

Inglês Intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and rumen parameters of Balami, Udah and Yankasa sheep breeds fed Brachiaria decumbens or Digitaria smutsii hay

2025-08-07T11:19:54+00:00

The objective of this experiment was to compare three Nigeria sheep breeds fed Brachiaria decumbens (Stapf) or Digitaria smutsii (Stent) hay for performance, intake, digestibility, and rumen parameters. Each of the three breeds of sheep, which weighed on average 24.7, 25.5, and 25.5 kg (Balami, Uda, and Yankasa, respectively) were assigned to a 2 × 3 completely randomized design. There were significant (p < 0.05) differences among breeds, with Balami and Uda presenting the highest intake, rumen parameters, average daily weight gain (ADG) and final body weight (FBW). Sheep fed D. smutsii hay presented higher (p < 0.05) digestibility, ADG and FBW than those fed B. decumbens hay. Balami and Uda breeds fed D. smutsii had improved rumen pH, VFA production, and N-NH₃ production, and consequently had improved digestibility and growth performance when compared to the Yankasa breed fed B. decumbens hay. It is important to note that the effectiveness of different types of forage and the response of different sheep breeds to those forages can vary based on several factors, including the nutritional content of the forage, the age and health of the animals, and environmental conditions.

Validation of enteric methane emissions by cattle estimated from mathematical models using data from in vivo experiments

2025-02-19T11:58:40+00:00

Several authors have developed equations to estimate methane (CH₄) emissions by cattle according to variables such as dry matter and nutrient intake, live weight, or weight gain. Mathematical models using these variables show a large variability of results, being necessary to identify those which provide more precise and accurate predictions. For this reason, the objective of this study was to validate enteric CH₄ emissions estimated from mathematical models through a comparison with a database of CH₄ emissions obtained from cattle experiments carried out in tropical regions. A database of 495 individual cattle CH₄ emissions data (g day^-1) obtained from 19 studies in three tropical Latin American countries was built for this study. Results showed that mathematical models developed for cattle in tropical production systems overestimated CH₄ emissions when they were compared with our database. The mathematical model with higher precision and accuracy was the one that included dry matter intake and organic matter digestibility in the equation (Equation 7. R²=0.34, Cb=0.94, CCC=0.55, RMSE=60.8%, r=0.58), followed by models that included neutral detergent fiber intake data (Equation 5). Our data did not show a relationship between CH₄ emissions and gross energy intake or live weight.

No effects of tactile stimulation on welfare indicators of Saanen goat kids: a pilot study

2025-02-19T11:58:36+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tactile stimulation on the welfare of goat kids. Thirty-six goat kids were allocated into three treatments as follows: TSG = taking the goat kids out of the cage every day when they received tactile stimulation, RCG = taking the goat kids out of the cage for 5 s, and NRS = not taking the goat kids out of the cage nor receiving tactile stimulation. TSG goat kids received tactile stimulation once a day, for two minutes, from the 3^rd to the 40^thday. Goat kids' welfare was assessed by considering performance, health, and behavioral indicators. During the voluntary approach test, 96.5% of the goat kids voluntarily approached familiar and unfamiliar humans. There were significant effects only on the interaction between treatment and age on time spent in the corners and time playing (KW = 27.54 and 47.83, p < 0.01, respectively). We conclude that tactile stimulation did not affect any of the welfare indicators addressed in this study.

Testicular histomorphology, sperm and testicular morphometric evaluation of glyphosate exposed rabbit bucks treated with hydro-alcoholic leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis

2025-02-19T11:58:33+00:00

This study investigated the effect of glyphosate exposure on some male reproductive parameters and the potential protective effects of Newbouldia laevis leaf (NBL) extract. The 36 rabbits used for the study were randomized into four treatment groups (control, glyphosate-only, glyphosate + NBL 100 mg and glyphosate + NBL 200 mg) in a completely randomized design. From the results, glyphosate was found to significantly impair all measured semen parameters. Testicular morphometric analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in some testicular parameters due to glyphosate exposure. Histological examination of testes in the glyphosate-only group revealed severe disruptions in testicular architecture, likely contributing to the observed decrease in semen quality. Conversely, NBL treatment led to significant enhancement in spermatogenic activity, resulting in higher sperm count, motility, volume, libido, live sperm, and improved sperm morphology when compared to the herbicide-exposed group. NBL-treated groups exhibited significant (p < 0.05) increase in testicular circumference, width, and epididymal length. NBL extract also restored testicular architecture and ameliorated herbicide-induced histological changes. Therefore, the potential protective effects of Newbouldia laevis leaf extract on herbicide-induced reproductive dysfunction could pave the way for novel natural interventions to counteract the negative consequences of herbicide exposure.

Jamun (Syzygium cumini) seed and orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extracts ameliorates toxic effects of lead on kidney biomarkers in rats

2025-02-19T11:58:23+00:00

Wistar rats were treated as Group A: Control; Group B: Lead (50 mg kg^-1 b wt.); Group C: Lead (50 mg kg^-1 b wt.) and jamun seed extract (JSE) (200 mg kg^-1 b wt.); Group D: Lead (50 mg kg^-1 b wt.) and orange peel extract (OPE) (200 mg kg^-1 b wt.); Group E: OPE (200 mg kg^-1 b wt.) and Group F: JSE (200 mg kg^-1 b wt.). Serum urea, creatinine and serum uric acid levels were analyzed on days 7 and 14. Rats from Group B showed increased serum creatinine from days 7 to 14. Creatinine level decreased in group C and group D at days 7 and 14 as compared to group B. Increased serum urea was recorded in group B rats from 7 days. Rat from group C or group D showed decreased serum urea after days 7 day and 14 as compared to Group B. Lead exposure to rats provoked increased serum uric acid on days 7 and 14. Uric acid decreased in group C and group D on days 7 and 14 as compared to rats of group B. No alteration in creatinine, urea and uric acid level was seen in OPE and JSE treated rats at days 7 and 14.

Assessing strategy to improve dairy production and milk quality under smallholder dairying: Evidence from Ethiopia

2025-02-19T11:58:18+00:00

Little information exists on effectiveness of the approach in the intervention programme delivered to smallholder dairy farmers. A comparative study was conducted to assess milk production and composition in two districts (Doyogena project area and Angacha as a control) and the associated dairy intervention. Data were collected through household survey and milk testing. The average daily milk yield of crossbred dairy cows was 6.91±1.14 litres, which was significantly (p < 0.05) different across districts. The overall mean fat, solids-not-fat, lactose, salts, protein, and total solids (TS) contents of crossbred cows’ milk were 4.71±0.83, 8.85±0.36, 4.87±0.19, 0.72±0.03, 3.23±0.13 and 13.55±0.19 percent, respectively. The milk composition was significantly (p < 0.05) different across the study areas. Milk fat content is higher than the Ethiopian standard (ES); protein is also comparable. The major constraints for dairy production in the study areas were, in descending order, feed shortage in the dry season, land scarcity, lack of improved breeds, market access, and disease prevalence. To make livestock programs more impactful, strong extension and an integrated approach that encompasses improved feeds, breeding, marketing, and better health management are crucial to alleviate the diverse constraints of smallholder dairying while enhancing productivity and the associated food and nutrition security and livelihoods.

Influence of red and white led lamps on the productive performance and egg quality of commercial laying hens

2025-02-19T11:58:13+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different LED lamp colors (red and white) on the productive performance and egg quality of light laying hens. A total of 144 birds of the commercial strain Hy-Line^® W-36 aged 44 weeks were distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments (red and white LEDs) and 12 replicates, totaling 24 experimental plots with six birds each. Treatment means were compared by the F Test (5% probability) on the statistical software SISVAR. This study found that laying hens under red LED lamps showed a trend of greater egg production bird^-1 day^-1 (%) (p = 0.084), average egg weight (g) (p = 0.0826), egg mass (p < 0.05), and shell thickness (mm) and height (mm) (p < 0.01), whereas birds under white LED light showed better yolk color (p < 0.05). It is concluded that red LED illumination increases egg production and quality in light laying hens.

Evaluating interventions on broiler chicken health using blood indices and graphical representation

2025-02-19T11:58:06+00:00

Heat stress significantly affects the physiological and performance aspects of broiler chickens, leading to reduced growth, feed intake, and feed efficiency. This research investigates the impact of various dietary additives and supplements on blood serum components in heat-stressed Ross 308 broiler chickens. A completely randomized design with eight treatment groups, each with four replications and 12 birds per replication, was used. Significant differences were found in blood parameters such as glucose, total protein, albumin, uric acid, and AST, as well as in heterophil percentage, lymphocyte count, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and bronchitis antibody titers (p < 0.05). Dietary interventions also significantly altered the E. coli population in the cecum (p < 0.05). Diets enriched with coenzyme Q₁₀ and vitamin C notably reduced E. coli populations under heat-stress. However, no significant differences were observed in tibia characteristics (p > 0.05). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of feed additives in mitigating heat stress effects in broiler chickens. We recommend incorporating vitamin C, coenzyme Q₁₀, and Eubiotic supplements to enhance the well-being and performance of broiler chickens under heat stress conditions.

The effects of fenugreek seeds on the albino rat male reproductive system, MDA and SOD levels, and CD16 responses to Al2O3 NPs administration

2025-02-19T11:58:30+00:00

Aluminum is widely distributed in the environment and enters the body via air, water, food, medications, and manmade objects. Some studies suggest that aluminum toxicity increases the rate of lipid peroxidation and consequently the generation of free radicals. However, the impact of nanoparticles on human health is still not fully understood. An indicator of lipid peroxidation in serum and tissues is an increased MDA. At the same time, there was a decrease in the level SOD and detection CD16 using the immunohistochemistry technique, objectives evaluating the impact of Al₂O₃ NPs on oxidative stress markers (MDA and SOD) and immune responses (CD16) in the testes, as well as the protective effects of fenugreek seed extract it was observed that these changes in levels recovered when given the plant extract of fenugreek seeds,65 albino rats were divided into 13 groups, including the control group Two concentrations of fenugreek extract (2 and 4 gm kg^-1) and two concentrations of Al₂O₃ NPs solution (70 and 140 mg kg^-1) were given orally to the rats for 21 and 35 days, respectively. The amino-histochemistry method was used to detect CD16, and its presence was checked along with the concentrations of oxidative stress markers like SOD and MDA. Immunohistochemical findings revealed a significant increase in CD16 in testicular cells; fenugreek extract doses significantly decreased MDA and slightly raised SOD. Al₂O₃ NPs. were shown to significantly raise MDA and decrease SOD at (p ≤ 0.05), according to the study's findings. and Immunohistochemical results detected a significant increase in CD16 in testicular cells, and doses of fenugreek extract reduced the MDA was significant, and a slightly significant increase in SOD. The study concluded Al₂O₃ NPs led to an imbalance in the testicle by generating oxidative stress and the fenugreek extract succeeded in alleviating the harmful effects of Al₂O₃ and by curbing MOD and strengthening the antioxidant defense system SOD, at the same time significantly influenced the histopathological and toxicological change responses through expression CD16.

Molecular identification and phylogenetic study of Toxocara canis in domestic and stray dogs from Karbala, Iraq

2025-02-19T11:58:03+00:00

The ascarid nematode, Toxocara canis, which causes Toxocariasis in dogs, is a member of the Toxocaridae family and genus Toxocara, and that is accidentally infects humans. The study was conducted to investigate the presence of T. canis in dogs in Karbala, Iraq. The study extended from January to October, 2023. This project is the first of its kind in Iraq to molecularly detect the parasite in stray dogs in Karbala and to report its prevalence in domestic and stray dogs by utilizing conventional PCR and fecal flotation techniques while controlling for risk factors. One hundred (50 stray and 50 domestic) dog fecal samples were included. The findings revealed that 26 (26%) of the total dog fecal samples were tested positive using the PCR method. In details, the infection rate was 10% in domestic dogs and 42% in stray dogs. Moreover, the rate was 9.3 in adult dogs and 38.5% in puppies. The results showed that age, lifestyle, and infection rate all showed significantly (p < 0.01) correlated relationships in dogs. The correlation between T. canis infection rates and sex was not statistically significant (p > 0.01). The PCR-based sequencing of T. canis isolates indicated a high percentage of similarities with strains from different geographical regions. The study findings indicate higher rates of T. canis infection in adult and puppy stray dogs, explaining the extent of the infection among domestic dogs and stray dogs, using the latest laboratory methods for diagnosis PCR with the use of the phylogenetic tree to show the extent of similarity with species found in neighboring countries. The study findings are important by giving initial epidemiological data for future studies and control of the parasite.

Next generation sequencing and bio-informatics analysis for the investigation of the vaginal bacterial microflora of clinically healthy mares

2025-08-07T11:29:37+00:00

This study was focused on the investigation of the constitution of the vaginal bacterial microflora of mares, using 16Sr-RNA next generation sequencing and bio-informatics analysis. Samples were collected from the inner vaginal wall of 30 clinically healthy adult mares from various locations in central Greece. Successful reads were retrieved from 28 samples resulting to the presumptive identification of 192 bacterial species belonging to 87 genera. None of the bacterial genera or species that were detected was present in all the test samples, which indicates that the vaginal bacterial microflora of the study population is diverse. The bacterial genera detected the most in the test samples were Staphylococcus (89%) and Acinetobacter (54%). The bio-informatics analysis produced evidence of a much richer microbiota for the Greek native, compared to the Arabian and other breeds, and indicated variations in its constitution associated with the reproduction and vaccination records.

Morphometric and thermo-physiological diversity in two chicken genotypes kept by rural farmers under tropical conditions

2025-08-07T11:29:39+00:00

This study investigated phenotypic diversity in indigenous normal feathered and Noiler chickens kept by rural farmers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A total of 180 birds at six weeks of age, comprising equal sexes were randomly sampled. Body weight, six primary biometric traits, four morphological indices and four thermo-physiological traits were measured on each bird for six months. The general linear model was used to test the fixed and interaction effects of genotype, sex and location on these traits. Noiler birds had higher (p < 0.05) morphometric traits and morphological indices than indigenous chickens, except for stockiness. Male birds outperformed their female counterparts in body traits and indices, while location effect was also significant. Heat tolerance traits were similar across genotypes, except for higher pulse rate in Noilers. Female birds appeared more stressed thermally while Nasarawa South birds exhibited higher thermal stress. There were significant (p < 0.05) effects of genotype*sex, genotype*location and sex*location interactions on most body parameters, morphological indices and heat tolerance traits. Optimal body weights for both Noiler male and female chickens were predicted at 25.83 and 27.25 weeks. The present findings would provide a basis for the conservation and genetic improvement of both chicken genotypes in Nigeria.

Tactile stimulation reduces reactivity but does not improve the performance of Brahman’s calves

2025-08-07T11:20:06+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tactile stimulation on the reactivity and performance of Brahman calves. One hundred and nine calves were randomly assigned to two treatments: calves that received tactile stimulation (TS, n = 57) and those that did not (NTS, n = 52). Tactile stimulation was performed for eight minutes, 12 hours after birth. The behavioral variables were collected at weaning (209.50 ± 55.83 days) by assigning reactivity scores in the squeeze chute, which ranged from one to five (one was assigned to a calm calf and five to the most reactive). A flight speed score was assigned when each calf exited the squeeze chute. Performance was assessed using the adjusted weaning weight (WW) and daily weight gain (ADG). TS female calves showed lower reactivity scores in the squeeze chute (p < 0.05) and when leaving it (p < 0.05) than NTS calves, but no significant differences were observed in male calves between the treatments (p > 0.05). WW and GMD did not differ between the treatments (p > 0.05). In conclusion, tactile stimulation performed in Brahman’s calves at birth resulted in less reactivity in female calves without affecting their performance.

Studies of genetic distance and gene flow in Red Sokoto and West African Dwarf goats using restriction fragment length polymorphic marker

2025-08-07T11:29:34+00:00

Due to their hardiness in severe weather, capability to yield milk and meat, fast generation times, capacity to withstand the substandard diets, goats constitute an indispensable part of rural agricultural systems. Gene flow, genetic distance, and alleles were investigated in Red Sokoto (50) and West African Dwarf (45). For each animal, approximately 5 milliliters of aseptic blood taken. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and electrophoresis were carried out after the DNA samples were isolated and purified. Gene flow, anticipated (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho), degree of genetic diversity and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were determined. The results revealed that for Red Sokoto and West African Dwarf goats, the allele frequency of gene A and C varied between (7.2 &7.5) and (2.8 & 2.4) respectively. Ho values were 56% for Red Sokoto and 48.89% for West African Dwarf. The West African dwarf (37.35%) had the lowest estimates of He compared to Red Sokoto population (40.73%).The Mean Fis, Fit, Fst and Nm* were -0.3576, -0.3554, 0.0016 and 152.78 respectively for the populations studied. According to the findings, the goat populations exhibited the highest genetic similarity (0.9996) and the lowest genetic distance (0.0004), It was deduced that there is homology of alleles at the locus, low percentage of gene differentiation, and heterozygosis loss in the populations of native goats studied.

Using the five domains to assess the well-being of equines in the municipality of Juatuba – state of Minas Gerais

2025-08-07T11:29:32+00:00

Due to the growth of horse breeding in Minas Gerais, there has been an increase in the number of horses kept in individual stalls, which compromises their health and favors the appearance of stereotypies, as horses are highly influenced by environmental conditions. In order to assess and minimize the effects of confinement, an analysis form was drawn up based on the Five Domains model and the Animal Welfare Assessment (AWA) practical guide. The aim of the study was to evaluate and quantify the EW status of 12 farms in the city of Juatuba, in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. The data was analyzed by analysis of variance, using the FREQ procedure of SAS, version 9.0 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The Welfare Assessment Form made it possible to identify which aspects within the Five Domains could be improved to ensure a better quality of life for the animals. The properties evaluated had a satisfactory Welfare status in general, but some specific characteristics require adjustments to meet the criteria mentioned.

Chemical analysis and in situ dry matter disappearance of açaí seeds chemically treated with urea

2025-08-07T11:29:30+00:00

This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition and in situ dry matter disappearance of açaí seeds treated with urea. Açaí seeds were treated with urea solutions at different concentrations (0, 5 and 7.5% CH₄N₂O). Subsequently, chemical analyses and in situ tests were carried out to evaluate the disappearance of dry matter (DM) in the periods of 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of incubation. The increasing inclusion of urea influenced the DM, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF), except for mineral matter (MM). The DM content decreased with increasing urea levels, the control presented 92.99%. CP increased by 23.93% as urea inclusion increased. EE content was lower in the 5% treatment, reaching 0.79%. NDF, ADF, and lignin of the açaí seed decreased with increasing urea, with a lower content observed in the 7.5% CH₄N₂O treatment. Urea influenced the disappearance of DM, with greater loss in the 96-hour incubation in the 7.5% CH₄N₂O treatment. Açaí seeds can be included in the diet of ruminants when treated with urea.

Investigating consequences of non-synonymous Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the Zyxin gene on protein structure and functions in Nigerian indigenous and Nera black chickens Zyxin

2025-08-07T11:29:24+00:00

Zyxin functions as a regulator of the restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton during the process of repairing tissue damage, cell movement and attachment. It has also been identified as a potential gene involved in chicken coccidiosis. In order to gain a deeper understanding of these phenomena, we employed a collection of computer-based techniques and databases to examine the amino acid sequence, structural dynamics, molecular interactions, and activities of the gene. Our analysis revealed that Zyxin contains two non-synonymous SNPs (A > C at position 22 and G > A at position 137) at exon 1. Also, there existed a non-synonymous SNPs in Exon 3 (A>C and A>T both at position 861) of the gene with Synonymous SNPs observed only in exon 3 (A>G at position 812 and 854, T > C at position 863). The genetic diversity revealed in these chicken populations indicates the presence of genetic variation, with Naked neck chickens showing a considerably higher frequency of particular SNPs. Two non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) were forecasted to exert a profound influence on the structure, stability, and activities of Zyxin, thereby heightening the vulnerability to coccidiosis.

Syzygium aromaticum and propolis emulgel for preventing mastitis

2025-08-07T11:35:50+00:00

Several sanitary measures must be adopted during the milking process to minimize the transmission of mastitis-causing agents that can be transferred to the milk, depreciating its microbiological quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an emulgel composed by propolis and clove essential oil in post-dipping for lactating cows. For the in vitro inhibition test against Staphylococcus aureus, was observed a greater effectiveness (88%) of clove essential oil (Syzygium Aromatum) comparing to the other components of the emulgel. For the field test, five animals were used for the control group (iodine) and five animals with emulgel (hydrated Carbopol® + propolis and essential oil of leaf clove) as post-dipping, applied daily to the teats of lactating cows with the aid of conventional applicators after milking. Milk samples were collected on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28, for the evaluation of milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC) and microbiological evaluation. No significant effects were observed for the variable fats and SCC (p > 0.05). However, for the protein variable, effects were significant for the interaction between the control group, the emulgel and the evaluated days (p < 0.05). The lactose variable showed significant effects for the evaluation days (p < 0.05). The staphylococcal count in milk was similar for both evaluated groups. The emulgel has promising characteristics for use as a post-dipping disinfectant.

Physicochemical Analysis of Honey Produced and Sold in the Municipality of Senhor do Bonfim, Bahia

2025-08-07T11:29:17+00:00

The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical characteristics of Apis mellifera L. honey produced and sold in Senhor do Bonfim, Bahia, Brazil. A completely randomized design was adopted; it consisted of 6 treatments and 4 replicates, with the honey collection sites being considered as the treatments, namely: T1CMQ - Quicé Honey House, T2AMt - Maranata Apiary, T3FLv - Senhor do Bonfim Street Market, T4AMT - Monte Tabor Apiary, T5AJVC - Juvêncio Apiary and T6AS - Souza Apiary. The honeys in the different treatments analyzed showed similarity for moisture, total titratable acidity and Lund reaction (p > 0.05). The lowest ash and total soluble solids contents were obtained by the T3FLv honey samples (p < 0.05). The highest pH was obtained in the T1CMQ samples (p < 0.05). The honeys were classified as having a color between extra light amber and light amber. The Lugol test was negative. The results found show that the honey produced and sold in Senhor do Bonfim, BA, is of good quality and suitable for human consumption.

Single nucleotide polymorphism in Osteopontin gene and its association with milk traits in Azikheli buffalo

2025-08-07T11:20:03+00:00

Osteopontin (OPN) is known to effect milk composition traits. This study aimed to associate OPN gene polymorphism with milk traits in Azikheli buffaloes. Data were collected for milk yield and milk composition from 30 buffaloes. DNA samples of these specimen were used to amplify exon 4, intron 4 and exon 6 of the OPN gene using predesigned primers. The PCR products were sequenced through Sanger sequencing. The results showed that the milk yield varied significantly (p < 0.001) among Azikheli buffaloes. Sanger sequencing revealed 24 SNPs in the targeted regions of OPN, among which 2 were found in the high yielding buffaloes, while 23 were in the low yielding buffaloes of which one SNP was shared. One novel SNP g.5096T>C in the intron 5 of the OPN gene showed significant association with milk yield and milk protein. non-synonymous substitutions were observed at different loci i.e., g.5521C>T (Asp108Glu), g.5505C>T (Ala128Val), g.5446T>A (Thr149Ala), and 5395CGA>DEL (Asp92Del). Among the non-synonymous mutations only Ala128Val was found to have effect on protein stability (DDG = – 0.92 kcal mol^-1) due to its presence in the conserved region of the protein. In conclusion, our results suggest SNP g.5096T>C as a potential genetic marker for high milk yield in Azikheli buffalo.

Review Understanding Ethno-Ornithology - Birds of the Residents?

2025-08-07T11:20:01+00:00

This research, conducted between November 2019 and May 2020 in Jaguarari, Bahia State, aimed to inventory birds used for trophic purposes, capture techniques, zootherapeutic uses, caged birds, and their associations with local myths and legends. Fifty residents who interact with the avifauna were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. A total of 172 ethnospecies were recorded, with 24 used for consumption, highlighting Crypturellus parvirostris. Birds are captured using 13 techniques, including shotguns and "visgo-de-jaca." Some species, such as Coragyps atratus and Fluvicola nengeta, are not consumed for cultural reasons. For zootherapeutic purposes, 11 species were recorded, with columbina talpacoti being the most notable. Twenty-two species were recorded as caged birds, with Paroaria dominicana and Sporophila nigricollis being the most common. In symbolic and ritualistic beliefs, some birds are associated with bad luck and weather predictions. The results contribute to local ecological knowledge and may assist in the development of avifauna management and conservation programs, integrating sociocultural and ecological factors.

Associations between the genotypes of the calpain and cal-pastatin genes and performance, carcass parameters and meat quality in Nelore cattle

2025-08-07T11:19:56+00:00

The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between polymorphisms in the calpain (CAPN) and calpastatin (CAST) genes with the performance, carcass quality and meat quality traits of Nelore cattle. A total of 95 male Nelore cattle were used for the experiment. For molecular analysis, genomic DNA was extracted from the muscle tissue of the animals, and the polymerase chain reaction–single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR–SSCP) technique was used to detect and identify the following polymorphisms: three genotypes of the CAPN9 gene (exon 9), eight patterns in the CAPN14 gene (exon 14) and four genotypes of the CAST5 gene (exon 5). The CAST5 genotype was associated with soluble collagen content and the percentages of lauric (C12:0) and palmitic (C16:0) acids. The CAPN14 genotype affected the final pH and moisture content of the Nellore cattle meat. CAPN9 gene polymorphisms were not associated with the Nelore cattle parameters analyzed. The occurrence of CAST5 and CAPN14 gene polymorphisms may change the fatty acid profile and parameters associated with the quality of Nellore cattle meat.

Microbial Quality of traditionally smoked Clarias gariepinus and Micromesistus poutassou in local markets in River state, Nigeria

2025-08-07T11:19:46+00:00

The present study evaluated microorganisms associated with traditionally smoked Clarias gariepinus and Micromesistus poutassou collected from three local markets (Mile One, Choba and Igwuruta) in Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria. Bacterial and fungal analyses of the samples were carried out in the laboratory following standard procedures. The results showed wide variations in bacterial and fungal counts in smoked samples of C. gariepinus and M. poutassou collected from the three markets. Seven bacterial species (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Enterobacter sp, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp,) were identified in the samples. In smoked catfish, total bacterial counts (4.2x10⁵ cfu) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in samples from Mile One Market while the least counts (1.64x10⁵ cfu) was observed in samples from Igwuruta Market. Samples from Choba market recorded significantly higher coliform and Salmonella counts when compared with the values recovered from the other two markets. Similarly, E. coli growth was observed only in samples from Choba market at 3.90x10³cfu. Based on public health concerns, the microorganisms identified in this study are causative agents of foodborne illnesses, hence the need to exercise caution in direct consumption of the fishes.

A Review on the human-animal biodiversity interaction

2025-08-07T11:19:44+00:00

Little has been studied about human-animal interaction in general; Some particular experimental and descriptive studies provide information that must be systematized. The systematic review study aims to answer, using the standard Prisma methodology, the research question: What is known about the interaction of human-animal biodiversity? It includes original open access studies, of the experimental and descriptive type that provide relevant information, extracted from the Scopus database, from 2015 to 2023, using the keyword biodiversity, until the date of October 26, 2023. The analysis of the data uses cluster analysis, and the nearest neighbor method, 19 studies were selected that show the dynamic interaction between humans and animals. The study is limited to describing interactions between humans and animals, excluding other interactions. It concludes by showing the positive and negative impacts of coexistence, the majority being negative such as predation, transmission of emerging diseases, nutritional use, behavioral changes, changes in land use and their economic and social consequences, for which laws and policies that guarantee regulated coexistence.

Polymorphism of pituitary specific transcription factor-1 (PIT-1) gene at exon 6 and its association with zoometric traits of FUNAAB Alpha chickens

2025-08-07T11:19:39+00:00

Pituitary specific transcription factor 1 (PIT-1) gene plays a critical role in the regulation of growth and development of muscle in chicken. This study was conducted to determine polymorphism of PIT-1 gene in FUNAAB Alpha chickens and its association with body weight and body morphometric traits (body length, thigh length, keel length wing span and wing length). Genomic DNA was extracted from ninety-seven (97) FUNAAB Alpha chickens at eight (8) weeks of age. Genotyping was done using PCR-RFLP technique and growth parameters were also recorded. Results revealed alleles A and B with genotypes AA, AB and BB which were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with body weight and body morphometric traits of chickens. BB genotype had the highest frequency of 0.52 compared with AA and AB genotypes which had 0.32 and 0.16, respectively. Particularly, the PIT-1 genotypes (AA, AB and BB) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with body morphometric traits at 6^th week. Also the interaction effect of PIT-1 genotypes and sex showed a significant (p < 0.05) association with body weight at 4^th and 8^th week, in which the BB males showed superior performance over the females. Our study concluded that PIT-1 gene at exon 6 was polymorphic and could be explored as biomarker for improvement of growth performance in FUNAAB Alpha chicken.

Role of infection with Hymenolepis nana in alteration of some Biochemical, Immnunological and Histological parameters in Mice/Balb-C

2025-08-07T11:24:10+00:00

The current study was conducted from November 2023 to February 2024 on 20 male laboratory mice. The current study evaluated the effect of infection with the dwarf worm on some biochemical and immunological parameters and some histological changes of the liver and intestine of laboratory mice. During the current study, liver enzymes, some cellular motility and immunoglobulin E were measured using ELISA technology by providing a set of work from well-known international companies. Histological sections of the liver and intestine of mice were also prepared for both the control and dwarf worm-infected groups. The current study showed significant differences between the levels of enzymes, cellular motility and immunoglobulin E levels by comparing the results of the infected group with the control group. In addition, the current study also showed changes in the liver and intestine tissues by comparing with the control group as well. It appears from the results of the current study that infection with the dwarf worm causes changes in liver functions and stimulates the immune response in addition to histological changes in both the liver and intestine.