Numerical approach of two-dimensional linear stochastic Volterra-Fredholm integral equations

Abstract

This study presents a new computational technique based on two-dimensional hat functions (2D-HFs) for the efficient solution of symmetric systems of two-dimensional linear stochastic Volterra–Fredholm integral equations (2D-LSVFIEs). The method is theoretically supported by convergence theorems that guarantee its stability and reliability. To validate the approach, two illustrative examples are provided, confirming its superior accuracy and efficiency in comparison with the Haar wavelet functions methodâ€.