A Economia em Revista - AERE

A Informalidade no Brasil do século XXI

Luiz Henrique Santos Cardoso — 2024-09-30

Informality, historically present in underdeveloped countries like Brazil, is characterized by the widespread presence of workers without access to labor rights guaranteed by law and productive units with low productivity and organization. Throughout the decades of the 20th century, this reality was consolidated in different ways, deepening the precariousness of the labor force. Taking the ECLAC's structuralist view - which initially understood informal work to be formed from the heterogeneity of the national productive structure - we attempt to analyze the historical formation of the Brazilian labor market. For the 1990s and 2000s, we emphasize that the structuralist view is important to analyze the informality phenomenon, but it must be complemented by the Marxist view of Francisco de Oliveira. This author emphasizes that informality is a phenomenon intrinsic to the capitalist system of production and, therefore, it is still persistent in the 21st century.

Mudanças no comportamento dos retornos de alguns índices setoriais da Bovespa: uma análise a partir de Markov Switching

Felipe William Dreissig — 2024-02-08

The objective of this paper is to verify possible changes in the regime of the mean and variance of the return of some sectoral indexes of the Brazilian stock market (Real Estate Investment Fund Index (IFIX), Consumer Index (ICON), Industrial Sector Index (INDX) and Financial Index (IFNC)), considering the period between January 2011 and December 2022. As a methodology, the two-state Markov-Switching Autoregressive (MS-AR) model proposed by Hamilton (1989) was used. The results revealed the presence of a regime of low volatility (regime 1) and another of high volatility (regime 2), with the low volatility regime being more persistent, that is, the probability of remaining in this regime is greater than that of the regime of high volatility. These empirical insights have important implications for portfolio investing.

DESIGUALDADE NA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE RENDA NO BRASIL: UMA ANÁLISE PARA O ANO DE 2022

Ana Cristina Lima Couto — 2024-09-30

This article aims to analyze some aspects of inequality in income distribution in Brazil in 2022 according to some specific cutouts in terms of personal and regional characteristics, using data from the Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNADC). In this study, the profile of inequality in labor income was elaborated according to attributes such as color or race, gender, education and geographic location. Then, data on some characteristics of income distribution in the country were presented. The results show the maintenance of a structural characteristic in which income differentials occur to the detriment of the most vulnerable groups such as women, blacks, less educated and those living in the North and Northeast regions. In addition, the data show the magnitude of the unequal distribution of income with high proportions of people living with incomes far below the average income (60%) as well as the median (between 70% and 75%).

EVASÃO ESCOLAR NA PANDEMIA DA COVID-19: EVIDÊNCIAS PARA O BRASIL

Marília Albuquerque Milfort de Souza — 2024-09-30

The Covid-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on the global education system, with school closures and the transition to remote learning affecting millions of students and resulting in significant consequences, including an increase in dropout rates. In light of this context, the development of research becomes relevant to understand the relationship between dropout rates and the pandemic. This search aimed to analyze the effect of Covid-19 cases and deaths on school dropout rates in Brazil, using data from the School Census of 2019 and 2021 as a reference. To achieve this objective, a panel data model was employed, allowing for a comprehensive statistical analysis. The results obtained revealed a positive relationship between dropout rates in primary education and the rates of reported infections and deaths from Covid-19.

The construction of a metaparadigm for economic science

Marcelo de Carvalho Azevedo Anache — 2024-09-30

From the occurrence of calls for a pluralist economy more than four decades ago and the difficulties encountered in its implementation, given the ambiguities about what exactly is meant by this concept, this article seeks, through a framework, to demonstrate how a pluralist metaparadigm can resolve this incipient. The paths to its conception pass through the analysis of the paradigmatic dimensions of the neoclassical, post-Keynesian and evolutionist schools of thought. Based on this perspective, it is intended to justify a descriptive procedure for the term paradigm, in addition to elaborating a background of the potential of pluralistic thinking for scientific research. In short, the approach through a pluralist metaparadigm demonstrates that it is possible to replace the specific idiosyncrasies of a paradigm à la Kuhn with pluralist principles.

O CONTENCIOSO ENTRE CHINA, ESTADOS UNIDOS, UNIÃO EUROPEIA, JAPÃO E CANADÁ ACERCA DAS TERRAS RARAS NA OMC (2012-2014)

Joabson Cruz Soares — 2024-09-30

China decided to restrict its exports of rare earth elements (ETR) on the international market, generating litigation with the United States, the European Union, Japan and Canada at the WTO (2012-2014). Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyze this dispute. The study was bibliographic, developed through systematic content analysis, qualitative approach and hypothetical-deductive method. It was found in this investigation that China restricted its exports of ETR for international trade, in that period, to promote environmental protection, conserve these natural resources and encourage companies to set up in Chinese territory so that the country could acquire the products from ETR at more affordable prices. It is concluded that China repositioned its actions following the WTO verdict that condemned it to dismantle its strategy of promoting the dependence of large economies on the global ETR industry.

NOTES ON THE LIMITS TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SOCIAL WELFARE STATE IN BRAZIL

Reurison Coimbra — 2024-04-18

The objective of this work is to make notes on the limits to the consolidation of a Social Welfare State in Brazil. To do this, we sought to understand the context of its origin and its different forms. The Brazilian welfare state was built with a meritocratic-conservative characteristic, aimed at a small portion of the population. On the other hand, the 1988 Constitution engenders a modern Welfare State seeking to include social citizenship as a value. However, the context is unfavorable and, although there is progress in its implementation, structural and cyclical limits prevent further progress.

GÊNESE, FUNÇÃO E ELEMENTOS FUNDAMENTAIS DA DOUTRINA GERENCIALISTA: a teoria dos gestores

hermann junior moreau — 2023-12-28

O objetivo desse artigo foi demonstrar a gênese e função da apologia indireta ao capitalismo na assim chamada “doutrina gerencialista” ou teoria dos gestores na qual estes seriam uma nova e dominante classe social na suposta transição do modo de produção capitalista para uma “sociedade gerencial”. Essa doutrina ou teoria não é nova. Surgida a partir de uma série de desenvolvimentos na transição entre os séculos XIX e XX, ganhou fôlego com Bruno Rizzi e James Burnham nas décadas de 1930 e 1940, sendo o segundo autor uma fonte primária de grande difusão a partir do livro A Revolução Gerencial. Um segundo desenvolvimento teve impulso com J.K. Galbraith a partir dos anos de 1960, obtendo considerável difusão, inclusive no Brasil, por mediação de intelectuais como Bresser Pereira. Sabemos que como todas as formações de pensamento, a ideologia dos gestores está ligada a condições sócio-históricas e é nos EUA que reuniram-se as condições necessárias e suficientes em mais alto grau para o desenvolvimento de tal teoria dos gestores.