Iglesia – masonería
los orígenes del conflicto
Palavras-chave:
História, His´toria da Igreja, Maçonaria, Teoria da conspiração, Século XVIII
Resumo
Em 2013, o papa Francisco confirmou a expulsão de um sacerdote que integrava uma loja maçônica na França. Para João Paulo II e Bento XVI, também existiam na Franc-maçonaria "princípios inconciliáveis com a doutrina da Igreja". Como explicar a permanência de um conflito iniciado no século XVIII? Este artigo examina as origens desse conflito: seu contexto (parte 1), sua explicação (parte 2) e sua cronologia (anexo). No século XVIII, as hierarquias eclesiásticas concebiam-se como guardiãs da ordem, das hierarquias e da pureza ideológica. A maçonaria desestabilizou sua hegemonia desde seus inícios: misturava católicos, protestantes e outras denominações; propugnava o cosmopolitismo, o internacionalismo e o racionalismo científico. O segredo ritual lhe dava certa autonomia. Estes motivos desataram as primeiras ondas de repressão. Estas origens não explicam exaustivamente 300 anos de conflito. No entanto, contém algumas chaves essenciais para entender a doutrina antimaçônica que mantém hoje a mais antiga das instituições ocidentais.
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Referências
ANDERSON, J.; DÉSAGULIERS, J.-T. The Constitutions of the Free-Masons, containing the History, Charges, Regulations &c. of that Most Ancient and Right Worshipful Fraternity. 1. ed. London: Printed by William Hunter, for John Senex at the Globe, and John Hooks at the Fower-de-luce over-against St Dunflan’s Church, in Fleet-Street, in the Year of Masonry 5723, Anno Domini 1723, 1723.
ANDERSON, J.; DÉSAGULIERS, J.-T. The New Book of Constitutions of the Antient and Honourable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons, containing Their History, Charges, Regulations, &c. London: Brothers Caesar Ward and Richard Chandler, Booksellers, at the Ship without Temple-Bar, and sold at their Shops in Coney-Street, York, and at Scarborough-Spaw (MDCCXXXVIII in the Vulgar, Year of Masonry 5738), 1738.
ANDERSON, J.; DÉSAGULIERS, J.-T.; NOORTHOUCK, J. Constitutions of the Antient Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons: containing their History, Charges, Regulations, &c. 5. ed. London: Printed by J. Rozea, Printer to the Society, no9, Wardour Street (A new edition revised, enlarged and brought down to the year 1784, under the direction of the Hall Committee by John Noorthouck), 1784.
BAKER, K. M. Au tribunal de l’opinion. Essais sur l’imaginaire politique au XVIIIè siècle. Paris: Payot, 1993.
BEAUREPAIRE, P.-Y. William Pitt, les francs-maçons anglais et la loi sur les sociétés secrètes de 1799. Annales historiques de la Révolution française, n. 342, p. 185–194, 1 dez. 2005.
BERMAN, R. A. The Architects of Eighteenth Century: English Freemasonry (1720–1740). Submitted by Richard Andrew Berman to the University of Exeter as a Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Research in History, 15 December 2010—Exeter: University of Exeter, 2010.
BONNEKE, G. J.-M. Enlightenment, Either Way! Lumières, Revue du Centre interdisciplinaire bordelais d´étude des Lumières, Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux. v. Lumières radicales et franc-maçonnerie, n. 22, p. 80–95, 2013.
BOUTIN, P. La philosophie naturelle comme enjeu institutionnel: l’opposition de l’Église catholique à la franc-maçonnerie. Dix-Huitième Siècle, n. 30, p. 397–411, 1998.
BRISTOW, W. Enlightenment. In: ZALTA, E. N. (Ed.). . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.
CAPDEVILLE, V. L’Âge d’Or des clubs londoniens (1730-1784). Paris: Honoré Champion, 2008.
CARPENTER, A. T. John Theophilus Desaguliers: A Natural Philosopher, Engineer and Freemason in Newtonian England. Londres - New York: Continuum, 2011.
CHETWODE CRAWLEY, W. J. The Old Charges and the Papal Bulls. Ars Quatuor Coronatorum: Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, v. 24, p. 47–65, 1911.
CHEVALLIER, P. La Maçonnerie: école de l’égalité. Paris: Fayard, 1974. v. 1
CLARK, P. British Clubs and Societies (1580-1800): The Origins of the Associational World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
CLARKE, J. R. The Royal Society and early Grand Lodge of Freemasonry. Ars Quatuor Coronatorum: Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, London: Quatuor Coronati Lodge. n. 80, p. 110–119, 1967.
CONTI, F. Église catholique. In: BEAUREPAIRE, P.-Y. (Ed.). . Dictionnaire de la Franc-maçonnerie. Paris: Armand Colin, 2014. p. 82–85.
DELEUZE, G. Sur Spinoza, séance 1ParisUniversité Paris-VIII, , 1980. Disponível em:. Acesso em: 17 mar. 2020
ELLIOTT, P.; DANIELS, S. The “School of True, Useful and Universal Science?” Freemasonry, Natural Philosophy and Scientific Culture in Eighteenth Century England. British Journal for the History of Science, Cambridge University Press. n. 39, p. 207–229, 2006.
ENCICLOPEDIA CATÓLICA. Francmasonería, 2007. (Nota técnica).
FARGE, A. Dire et mal dire, L’opinion publique au XVIIIe siècle. 1. ed. Paris: Le Seuil, 1993.
FERRER BENIMELI, J. A. Masonería, Iglesia e Ilustración. 4: La otra cara del conflicto. Conclusión. Bibliografía. Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española, 1977. v. 4
FERRER BENIMELI, J. A. Les archives secrètes du Vatican et de la franc-maçonnerie. Histoire d’une condamnation pontificale. Paris: Dervy, 1989.
FERRER BENIMELI, J. A. Masonería, Iglesia, Revolución e Independencia. Bogotá, Colombia: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2015.
FRANCO, F. Ley de 1 de marzo de 1940 sobre represión de la masonería y del comunismo. In: Boletín Oficial del Estado. España: Jefatura del Estado, 1940. v. 62p. 1537–1539.
GARRIOCH, D. The Huguenots of Paris and the Coming of Religious Freedom, 1685–1789. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
GEORGES III, H. T. K. An Act to prevent Unlawful Combinations of Workmen (12/07/1799). In: BRITAIN, G.; RUNNINGTON, C. (Eds.). . The Statutes at Large from Magna Charta to the Forty-First Year of George III. London: Eyre & Strahan, 1800a. p. 164–168.
GEORGES III, H. T. K. An Act for better regulating the Manner of carrying Slaves in British Vessels fron Coast of Africa (12/07/1799). In: BRITAIN, G.; RUNNINGTON, C. (Eds.). . The Statutes at Large from Magna Charta to the Forty-First Year of George III. London: Eyre & Strahan, 1800b. p. 155–162.
GWYNN, R. D. Huguenot Heritage: The History and Contribution of the Huguenots in Britain. Eastbourne, UK: Sussex Academic Press, 2001.
HABERMAS, J. Historia y crítica de la opinión pública, La transformación estructural de la vida pública. Tradução: Antonio Doménech; Tradução: Rafaël Grasa; Tradução: Francisco Javier. 7. ed. México: G. Gili ed., 2002.
HALÉVI, R. Les Loges maçonniques dans la France d’Ancien régime: aux origines de la sociabilité démocratique. Paris: Armand Colin, 1984.
JACOB, M.; CROW, M. Freemasonry and the Enlightenment. In: SNOEK, J. A. M.; BOGDAN, H. (Eds.). . Handbook of Freemasonry. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Leiden (Netherlands): Brill, 2014. p. 100–116.
KOSSELLECK, R. Le règne de la critique. Paris: Minuit, 1979.
LAROUSSE. États de l’Église ou États pontificaux. Paris: Larousse, , 2021. (Nota técnica).
MANSUR BARATA, A. Maçonaria, sociabilidade ilustrada e independência do Brasil (1790-1822). São Paulo: Annablume – FAPESP - UFJF, 2006.
MASSIE, R. Pierre Le Grand. Paris: Fayard, 1985.
MICHELET, J. Louis XIV et la révocation de l’édit de Nantes. Paris: Chamerot Libraire-Éditeur, 1860.
MOLLÈS, D. Le Triangle atlantique: émergence et expansion de la sphère maçonnique internationale. Une analyse statistique (1717-1914). Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos. Nouveaux mondes mondes nouveaux - Novo Mundo Mundos Novos - New World New Worlds, Paris: CNRS / EHESS. n. 14/2014, 25 nov. 2014a.
MOLLÈS, D. Le système-monde maçonnique à la veille de la Première Guerre mondiale: une analyse archéologique. REHMLAC+, Universidad de Costa Rica - Universidad de La Habana (Cuba) - University of California at Los Angeles - Universidad de Zaragoza (España) - Universidad Centroamericana “José Simeón Cañas” (El Salvador). v. 6, n. 2, p. 14–32, 1 dez. 2014b.
MOLLÈS, D. La invención de la masonería. Revolución cultural: religión, ciencia y exilios. 2. ed. La Plata, Argentina: Editora de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 2017.
MONTESQUIEU, C. L. DE S., baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu. Montesquieu to Richmond, 2 July 1735. In: Original conservado en Goodwood, Box 36, bundle IX; cit. en R. Shackleton, “Montesquieu’s Correspondence”, French Studies, XII, 4 (1958), 324-345, esp. 328; y en Richard Andrew Berman, « The Architects of Eighteenth Century: English Freemasonry (1720–1740) » Submitted by Richard Andrew Berman to the University of Exeter as a Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Research in History, 15 December 2010, University of Exeter, Exeter, 2010, p. 238. [s.l: s.n.].
MYERS, R. Noorthouck, John. Oxford: Oxford University Press, , 2004. (Nota técnica).
PAPA BENEDICTO XIV. Bolla Providas Romanorum (18 marzo 1751). Roma: Santa Sede, 18 mar. 1751. Disponível em:. Acesso em: 26 mar. 2021.
PAPA CLEMENTE XII. In Eminenti. Roma: Santa Sede, 28 abr. 1738. Disponível em:.
PAPA FRANCISCO. El papa Francisco sobre los masones, comecuras, anticlericales y demoníacos. El Oriente, Publicación de la Gran Logia de España, 30 jun. 2015.
POMIAN, K. L’Europe et ses nations. Paris: Gallimard, 1990.
RÉVAUGER, C. De la franc-maçonnerie opérative à la franc-maçonnerie spéculative: ruptures, continuité, évolutions en Angleterre et en Écosse. Bulletin de la Société d’Études Anglo-Américaines des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, n. 52, p. 21–34, jun. 2001.
RÉVAUGER, C. (ED.). Franc-maçonnerie et politique au siècle des Lumières: Europe-Amériques. Bordeaux: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 2006.
RÉVAUGER, C. English Freemasonry during the Enlightenment: how radical, how conservative? Lumières, Revue du Centre interdisciplinaire bordelais d´étude des Lumières, Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux. v. Lumières radicales et franc-maçonnerie, n. 22, p. 33–49, 2013.
RÉVAUGER, C.; PORSET, C. (EDS.). Franc-maçonnerie et religions dans l’Europe des Lumières. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1998.
SACRA CONGREGATIO PRO DOCTRINA FIDEI; RATZINGER, J. A.; HAMER, J. J. Declaração sobre a maçonaria. Roma: Congregação para a Doutrina da Fé, 1983. Disponível em:. Acesso em: 14 jul. 2015.
SNOEK, J. A. M.; BOGDAN, H. (EDS.). Handbook of Freemasonry. Leiden (Netherlands): Brill, 2014.
STEVENSON, D. The Origins of Freemasonry: Scotland’s Century. 2. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
TRAMPUS, A. Droit. In: BEAUREPAIRE, P.-Y. (Ed.). . Dictionnaire de la Franc-maçonnerie. Paris: Armand Colin, 2014. p. 71–73.
VESIN, P. Être frère, rester père. Prêtre ou franc-maçon: pourquoi choisir? Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 2014.
WEISS, C. Mémoire sur les protestants de France au XVIIe siècle. [s.l.] Felix Alcan, 1851.
ANDERSON, J.; DÉSAGULIERS, J.-T. The New Book of Constitutions of the Antient and Honourable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons, containing Their History, Charges, Regulations, &c. London: Brothers Caesar Ward and Richard Chandler, Booksellers, at the Ship without Temple-Bar, and sold at their Shops in Coney-Street, York, and at Scarborough-Spaw (MDCCXXXVIII in the Vulgar, Year of Masonry 5738), 1738.
ANDERSON, J.; DÉSAGULIERS, J.-T.; NOORTHOUCK, J. Constitutions of the Antient Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons: containing their History, Charges, Regulations, &c. 5. ed. London: Printed by J. Rozea, Printer to the Society, no9, Wardour Street (A new edition revised, enlarged and brought down to the year 1784, under the direction of the Hall Committee by John Noorthouck), 1784.
BAKER, K. M. Au tribunal de l’opinion. Essais sur l’imaginaire politique au XVIIIè siècle. Paris: Payot, 1993.
BEAUREPAIRE, P.-Y. William Pitt, les francs-maçons anglais et la loi sur les sociétés secrètes de 1799. Annales historiques de la Révolution française, n. 342, p. 185–194, 1 dez. 2005.
BERMAN, R. A. The Architects of Eighteenth Century: English Freemasonry (1720–1740). Submitted by Richard Andrew Berman to the University of Exeter as a Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Research in History, 15 December 2010—Exeter: University of Exeter, 2010.
BONNEKE, G. J.-M. Enlightenment, Either Way! Lumières, Revue du Centre interdisciplinaire bordelais d´étude des Lumières, Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux. v. Lumières radicales et franc-maçonnerie, n. 22, p. 80–95, 2013.
BOUTIN, P. La philosophie naturelle comme enjeu institutionnel: l’opposition de l’Église catholique à la franc-maçonnerie. Dix-Huitième Siècle, n. 30, p. 397–411, 1998.
BRISTOW, W. Enlightenment. In: ZALTA, E. N. (Ed.). . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.
CAPDEVILLE, V. L’Âge d’Or des clubs londoniens (1730-1784). Paris: Honoré Champion, 2008.
CARPENTER, A. T. John Theophilus Desaguliers: A Natural Philosopher, Engineer and Freemason in Newtonian England. Londres - New York: Continuum, 2011.
CHETWODE CRAWLEY, W. J. The Old Charges and the Papal Bulls. Ars Quatuor Coronatorum: Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, v. 24, p. 47–65, 1911.
CHEVALLIER, P. La Maçonnerie: école de l’égalité. Paris: Fayard, 1974. v. 1
CLARK, P. British Clubs and Societies (1580-1800): The Origins of the Associational World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
CLARKE, J. R. The Royal Society and early Grand Lodge of Freemasonry. Ars Quatuor Coronatorum: Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, London: Quatuor Coronati Lodge. n. 80, p. 110–119, 1967.
CONTI, F. Église catholique. In: BEAUREPAIRE, P.-Y. (Ed.). . Dictionnaire de la Franc-maçonnerie. Paris: Armand Colin, 2014. p. 82–85.
DELEUZE, G. Sur Spinoza, séance 1ParisUniversité Paris-VIII, , 1980. Disponível em:
ELLIOTT, P.; DANIELS, S. The “School of True, Useful and Universal Science?” Freemasonry, Natural Philosophy and Scientific Culture in Eighteenth Century England. British Journal for the History of Science, Cambridge University Press. n. 39, p. 207–229, 2006.
ENCICLOPEDIA CATÓLICA. Francmasonería, 2007. (Nota técnica).
FARGE, A. Dire et mal dire, L’opinion publique au XVIIIe siècle. 1. ed. Paris: Le Seuil, 1993.
FERRER BENIMELI, J. A. Masonería, Iglesia e Ilustración. 4: La otra cara del conflicto. Conclusión. Bibliografía. Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española, 1977. v. 4
FERRER BENIMELI, J. A. Les archives secrètes du Vatican et de la franc-maçonnerie. Histoire d’une condamnation pontificale. Paris: Dervy, 1989.
FERRER BENIMELI, J. A. Masonería, Iglesia, Revolución e Independencia. Bogotá, Colombia: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2015.
FRANCO, F. Ley de 1 de marzo de 1940 sobre represión de la masonería y del comunismo. In: Boletín Oficial del Estado. España: Jefatura del Estado, 1940. v. 62p. 1537–1539.
GARRIOCH, D. The Huguenots of Paris and the Coming of Religious Freedom, 1685–1789. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
GEORGES III, H. T. K. An Act to prevent Unlawful Combinations of Workmen (12/07/1799). In: BRITAIN, G.; RUNNINGTON, C. (Eds.). . The Statutes at Large from Magna Charta to the Forty-First Year of George III. London: Eyre & Strahan, 1800a. p. 164–168.
GEORGES III, H. T. K. An Act for better regulating the Manner of carrying Slaves in British Vessels fron Coast of Africa (12/07/1799). In: BRITAIN, G.; RUNNINGTON, C. (Eds.). . The Statutes at Large from Magna Charta to the Forty-First Year of George III. London: Eyre & Strahan, 1800b. p. 155–162.
GWYNN, R. D. Huguenot Heritage: The History and Contribution of the Huguenots in Britain. Eastbourne, UK: Sussex Academic Press, 2001.
HABERMAS, J. Historia y crítica de la opinión pública, La transformación estructural de la vida pública. Tradução: Antonio Doménech; Tradução: Rafaël Grasa; Tradução: Francisco Javier. 7. ed. México: G. Gili ed., 2002.
HALÉVI, R. Les Loges maçonniques dans la France d’Ancien régime: aux origines de la sociabilité démocratique. Paris: Armand Colin, 1984.
JACOB, M.; CROW, M. Freemasonry and the Enlightenment. In: SNOEK, J. A. M.; BOGDAN, H. (Eds.). . Handbook of Freemasonry. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Leiden (Netherlands): Brill, 2014. p. 100–116.
KOSSELLECK, R. Le règne de la critique. Paris: Minuit, 1979.
LAROUSSE. États de l’Église ou États pontificaux. Paris: Larousse, , 2021. (Nota técnica).
MANSUR BARATA, A. Maçonaria, sociabilidade ilustrada e independência do Brasil (1790-1822). São Paulo: Annablume – FAPESP - UFJF, 2006.
MASSIE, R. Pierre Le Grand. Paris: Fayard, 1985.
MICHELET, J. Louis XIV et la révocation de l’édit de Nantes. Paris: Chamerot Libraire-Éditeur, 1860.
MOLLÈS, D. Le Triangle atlantique: émergence et expansion de la sphère maçonnique internationale. Une analyse statistique (1717-1914). Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos. Nouveaux mondes mondes nouveaux - Novo Mundo Mundos Novos - New World New Worlds, Paris: CNRS / EHESS. n. 14/2014, 25 nov. 2014a.
MOLLÈS, D. Le système-monde maçonnique à la veille de la Première Guerre mondiale: une analyse archéologique. REHMLAC+, Universidad de Costa Rica - Universidad de La Habana (Cuba) - University of California at Los Angeles - Universidad de Zaragoza (España) - Universidad Centroamericana “José Simeón Cañas” (El Salvador). v. 6, n. 2, p. 14–32, 1 dez. 2014b.
MOLLÈS, D. La invención de la masonería. Revolución cultural: religión, ciencia y exilios. 2. ed. La Plata, Argentina: Editora de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 2017.
MONTESQUIEU, C. L. DE S., baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu. Montesquieu to Richmond, 2 July 1735. In: Original conservado en Goodwood, Box 36, bundle IX; cit. en R. Shackleton, “Montesquieu’s Correspondence”, French Studies, XII, 4 (1958), 324-345, esp. 328; y en Richard Andrew Berman, « The Architects of Eighteenth Century: English Freemasonry (1720–1740) » Submitted by Richard Andrew Berman to the University of Exeter as a Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Research in History, 15 December 2010, University of Exeter, Exeter, 2010, p. 238. [s.l: s.n.].
MYERS, R. Noorthouck, John. Oxford: Oxford University Press, , 2004. (Nota técnica).
PAPA BENEDICTO XIV. Bolla Providas Romanorum (18 marzo 1751). Roma: Santa Sede, 18 mar. 1751. Disponível em:
PAPA CLEMENTE XII. In Eminenti. Roma: Santa Sede, 28 abr. 1738. Disponível em:
PAPA FRANCISCO. El papa Francisco sobre los masones, comecuras, anticlericales y demoníacos. El Oriente, Publicación de la Gran Logia de España, 30 jun. 2015.
POMIAN, K. L’Europe et ses nations. Paris: Gallimard, 1990.
RÉVAUGER, C. De la franc-maçonnerie opérative à la franc-maçonnerie spéculative: ruptures, continuité, évolutions en Angleterre et en Écosse. Bulletin de la Société d’Études Anglo-Américaines des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, n. 52, p. 21–34, jun. 2001.
RÉVAUGER, C. (ED.). Franc-maçonnerie et politique au siècle des Lumières: Europe-Amériques. Bordeaux: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 2006.
RÉVAUGER, C. English Freemasonry during the Enlightenment: how radical, how conservative? Lumières, Revue du Centre interdisciplinaire bordelais d´étude des Lumières, Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux. v. Lumières radicales et franc-maçonnerie, n. 22, p. 33–49, 2013.
RÉVAUGER, C.; PORSET, C. (EDS.). Franc-maçonnerie et religions dans l’Europe des Lumières. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1998.
SACRA CONGREGATIO PRO DOCTRINA FIDEI; RATZINGER, J. A.; HAMER, J. J. Declaração sobre a maçonaria. Roma: Congregação para a Doutrina da Fé, 1983. Disponível em:
SNOEK, J. A. M.; BOGDAN, H. (EDS.). Handbook of Freemasonry. Leiden (Netherlands): Brill, 2014.
STEVENSON, D. The Origins of Freemasonry: Scotland’s Century. 2. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
TRAMPUS, A. Droit. In: BEAUREPAIRE, P.-Y. (Ed.). . Dictionnaire de la Franc-maçonnerie. Paris: Armand Colin, 2014. p. 71–73.
VESIN, P. Être frère, rester père. Prêtre ou franc-maçon: pourquoi choisir? Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 2014.
WEISS, C. Mémoire sur les protestants de France au XVIIe siècle. [s.l.] Felix Alcan, 1851.
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2022-04-08
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Mollès, D. (2022). Iglesia – masonería. Revista Brasileira De História Das Religiões, 15(43). https://doi.org/10.4025/rbhranpuh.v15i43.60999
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