Suásticas, ritos e espacialidades
Uma comparação iconográfica entre os monumentos escandinavos de Kårstad e Snoldelev (Sécs. V-IX D.C.)
Palavras-chave:
Escandinávia Antiga; Era Viking; Simbolismo; Monumento; Espacialidade e Religião.
Resumo
O artigo apresenta uma comparação iconográfica entre dois monumentos escandinavos (Kårstad, Noruega, datado do período das migrações; Snoldelev, Dinamarca, datado da Era Viking), ambos contendo simbolismos religiosos e realizados durante a Alta Idade Média. A comparação utiliza a perspectiva sincrônica e diacrônica. Como metodologia empregamos os conceitos de símbolo de John Robb e Michel Pastoreau; a análise iconográfica de Jill Bradley e o comparativismo de Jens Peter Schjødt. Nossas principais conclusões apontam para diversas diferenças de significado e espacialidade dos monumentos, mas também na permanência de alguns simbolismos, especialmente a sua relação com o sagrado e como locais de memória de uma elite guerreira.
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Referências
Fontes primárias:
JÓNSSON, Guðni (Editor). Hávamál, Eddukvæði Sæmundar-Edda, 1949. Heimkringla.no: http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Hávamál Acesso em 24 de dezembro de 2021.
RAMALHO, Erick (Tradutor). Beowulf: edição bilíngue, inglês antigo/português. Belo Horizonte: Tessitura, 2007.
STURLUSON, Snorri. Edda: Skáldskaparmál I, edição de Anthony Faulkes. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1998.
STURLUSON, Snorri. Frá blótum (16). Saga Hákonar góða, Heimskringla (edição de Linder e Hagson, 1872). http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Saga_H%C3%A1konar_g%C3%B3%C3%B0a Acesso em 27 de dezembro de 2021.
Fontes secundárias:
ABRAHAMSON, Werner; THORLACIUS, Skúli. Den Snoldelevske Runesteen. Antiqvariske Annaler vol. 1, 1812, pp. 278-322.
ANDERS, Andrén. Sun and moon. In: SCHJØDT, Jens et al (Ed.). The Pre-Christian Religions of the North. History and structures, volume III. London: Brepols, 2020, pp. 1465-1480.
ANDERS, Andrén. Archaeology. In: GLAUSER, Jürg et al (Eds.). Handbook of Pre-Modern Nordic Memory Studies: Interdisciplinary Approaches, vol. I. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2018, pp. 135-150.
ÁRNASON, Jón. Íslenzkar þjóðsögur og æfintýri. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1862.
AUTORES. Sacred signs, divine marks: geometric religious symbols in Viking Age Scandinavia. Ceræ: An Australasian Journal in Medieval and Early Modern Studies 8, 2021 (no prelo).
BÉRNARDEZ, Enrique. Los mitos germánicos. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2010.
BLIUJIENE, Audronė. Universalusis svastikos simbolis baltų archeologinėje medžiagoje. Liaudies Kultura 4(73), 2000, p. 16-27.
BOYER, Régis. Cœur de Hrungnir. Héros et dieux du Nord. Paris: Flammarion, 1997, pp. 33.
BOYER, Régis. Yggdrasill: la religion des anciens scandinaves. Paris: Payot, 1981.
BRADLEY, Jill. Building a Visual Vocabulary. The Retrospective Methods Network 4, 2012, pp. 31-39.
BRINK, Stefan. Political and Social Structures in Early Scandinavia: A Settlement-historical Pre-study of the Central Place. Tor vol. 28, 1996, pp. 235-282.
COIMBRA, Fernando. Symbols for protection in war among European societies (1000 BC – 1000 AD). In: DELFINO, Davide (Ed.). Late Prehistory and Protohistory: Bronze Age and Iron Age: The emergence of warrior societies and its economic, social and environmental consequences. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2014, pp. 15-26.
DANIELSSON, Ing-Marie Back. Walking Down Memory Lane: Rune-Stones as Mnemonic Agents in the Landscapes of Late Viking-Age Scandinavia. In: WILLIAMS, Howard et al (Eds.). Early Medieval Stone Monuments: Materiality, Biography, Landscape. Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer, 2015, pp. 62-86.
DAVIDSON, H.R. Ellis. Cerimonial drinking. Myths and symbols in pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and celtic religion. London: Syracuse Press, 1988, pp. 41-44.
DAVIDSON, Hilda Ellis. Gods and Myths of Northern Europe. New York: Penguin Books, 1964.
DODD, James. Ships on Stone: A study in the chronology of Bronze Age and Pre-Roman Iron Age ship carvings in Hordaland, Western Norway. Tanums Hällristningsmuseum Underslös, 2010, p. 110-121.
GARIPZANOV, Ildar. Religious symbols on early christian scandinavian coins (ca. 995-1050): from imitation to adaptation. Viator 42, 2011, pp. 1-15.
GLAHN, L. Snoldelev Sten. Historisk Årbog for Roskilde Amt 1(1), 1917, pp. 135-141.
GONZÁLEZ-RUIBAL, Alfredo. The politics of identity: ethnicity and the economy of power in Iron Age Northwest Iberia. In: CIFANI, Gabriele (Ed.). Landscape, Ethnicity and Identity in the archaic Mediterranean Area. London: Oxbow Books, 2012, p. 245-266.
GREG, Robert Philips. On the meaning and origin of the fylfot and swastika. Westminster: Nichols and sons, 1884.
HELLERS, Tom. Valknútr. Wein: Fassbaender, 2012.
HUPFAUF, Peter R. Signs and symbols represented in Germanic, particularly early Scandinavian, iconography between the Migration Period and the end of the Viking Age. Tese de doutorado em Filosofia, Universidade de Sydney, 2003.
HULTGÅRD, Anders. The religion of the Viking Age. In: BRINK, Stefan (Ed.). The Viking World. London: Routledge, 2008, pp. 212-218.
IMER, Lisbeth. Rune Stones. In: National Museum of Denmark: Danish Prehistory. Copenhagen: The National Museum, 2016, pp. 270-279.
IMER, Lisbeth; HYLDGÅRD, Peter. Hvad står der på runestenen? Videnskab.dk, 2015. https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/hvad-star-der-pa-runestenen Acesso em 21 de dezembro de 2021.
JACOBSEN, Lis. Rökstudier. Arkiv for Nordisk Filologi. Lund: Gleerup, 1941, pp. 1-269.
JONES-BLEY, Karlene. An archaeological reconsideration of solar mythology. Word 44(3), 431-443.
KÄLLSTRÖM, Magnus. Gotlandic Picture Stones as Sources for Runology and the History of Scandinavian Languages. In: Gotland´s Picture stones: Bearers of an Enigmatic Legacy. Gotländskt arkiv vol. 24, 2012, pp. 119-212.
KOESLING, Jonas. Memories Carved in Stones? Collective Memory Studies and Early Scandinavian Rune-Stones, or Remarks on the Banalities of “Burial-Stones”. Scandinavian-Canadian Studies 28, 2021, pp. 38-77.
KULTURHISTORISK MUSEUM. Billedvevene fra Osebergskipet. Documentário/Curta metragem, 5 m. Oslo: Storm Films, 2018.
LINDBERG, Anette. The Concept of Religion in Current Studies of Scandinavian Pre-Christian Religion. Temenos 45(1), 2009, pp. 85-119.
MACLEOD, Mindy e MEES, Bernard. Runic amulets and magic objects. London: The Boydell Press, 2006.
MAGNUS, Bente. Men, gods and masks in Nordic Iron Age Art. Köln: Buchhandlung Walther König, 2008.
MAIN, Austin. The Tripartite Ideology: Interactions between threefold symbology, treuddar and the elite in Iron Age Scandinavia. Dissertação de Mestrado em Arqueologia, Universidade de Uppsala, 2020.
MANDT, Gro. Kårstad i Stryn – møteplass for ulike kulttradisjoner i eldre jernalder? In: BERGSVIK, Knut Anbdreas (Eds.). Fra funn til samfunn: Jernalderstudier tilegnet Bergljot Solberg på 70-årsdagen. Bergen: UBAS/Universitetet i Bergen Arkeologiske Skrifter, 2005, pp. 51-67.
MAREZ, Alain. Anthologie Runique. Paris: Belles Lettres, 2007.
MEES, Bernard. The Science of swastika. Vienna: Central European University Press, 2008.
MEJBORG, Reinhold. Symbolske figurer i Nordiska Museet. Norstedt: Nordiska Museet, 1889.
MOTZ, Lotte. The Germanic Thunderweapon. Saga-Book XXIV, 1997, pp. 329-350.
MÜLLER, Ludvig. Det saakaldte Hagekors's Anvendelse og Betydning i Oldtiden. Kjøbenhavn: Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri, 1877.
MURPHY, Luke John. The limits of discrepancy: mapping variation in pre-Christian Nordic Religion. In: KAPITAN, Latarzyna et al (Eds.). Selected presentations from the network of early career researchers in Old Norse. Aarhus: Aarhus University, 2020, p. 16.
MURPHY, Luke John. Continuity and Change: Forms of Liminality in the Sacred Social Spaces of the Pre-Christian Nordic World. Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 12, 2016, pp. 137-172.
NIELSEN, Kar Martin. Rasks tydning af Snoldelev-stenen. Danske Studier 1974, pp. 132-134.
NORDBERG, Andreas. Configurations of religion in late Iron Age and Viking Age Scandinavia. In: EDHOLM, Klas et al (Eds.). Myth, Materiality, and Lived Religion In Merovingian and Viking Scandinavia. Stockholm: Stockholm University Press, 2019, p. 339-374.
NORDÉN, Arthur. Från Kivik till Eggjum. Fornvännen Journal of Swedish Antiquarian Research 29, 1934, pp. 35-53.
PASTOUREAU, Michel. Símbolo. In: LE GOFF, Jacques; SCHMITT, Jean-Claude (org.). Dicionário temático do Ocidente Medieval, vol. III. São Paulo: Edusc, 2002, p. 495-510.
PESCH, Alexandra. Shared divine: gold bracteates. In: BURCHE, Aleksander et al (Ed.). The Migration Period between the Oder and the Vistula, vol. 1. London: Brill, 2020, pp. 411-433.
PETRENKO, V; KUZMENKO, J. Ny a fynd med run or från Gamla Ladoga. Viking: Tidsskrift for norrøn arkeologi XLII, 1979, pp. 78-84.
PRICE, T. Dogulas. Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
RAUDVERE, Catharina. The part or the whole: cosmology as an empirical and analytical concept. Temenos vol. 45, n.1, 2009, pp. 7-33.
RINGSTAD, Bjørn. En underlig steinfigur fra Tornes i Romsdal. Viking: Norsk arkeologisk årbok Bind LIX, 1996, pp. 101-118.
ROBB, John E. The Archaeology of Symbols. Annual Review of Anthropology 27, 1998, pp. 329-346.
ROOD, Joshua. Ascending the Steps to Hliðskjálf: The Cult of Óðinn in Early Scandinavian Aristocracy. Dissertação de Mestrado, Háskóli Íslands, 2017.
ROOD, Joshua. Drinking with Óðinn: alcohol and religion in heathen Scandinavia. Dissertação de Mestrado não publicada, Háskóli Íslands, 2014.
SCHJØDT, Jens Peter. Reflections oi aims and methods in the study of Old Norse Religion. In: More than mythology. Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2012, p. 263-287.
ŠEINER, Jan. Sacred Places, Sacred Persons: Religion, Death and Leadership in Roman Iron Age Scandinavia. Sacra 7(2), 2009, pp. 5-29.
SIMEK, Rudolf. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. London: D.S. Brewer, 2007.
SOUZA, Rodrigo Franklin de. Símbolos, memória e a semiótica da cultura: a religião entre a estrutura e o texto. Estudos de Religião 29(1), 2015, pp. 70-86.
SØGAARD, Rune (Diretor). Gåden om Danmarks første konge (Sæson 1, episoder 5: De mystiske sagn), DR TV, documentar, 03/11/2021, København, Danmark.
STEPHENS, George. Handbook of the Old Northern runic monuments. Kjøbenhavn: H. V. Lynge, 1884.
STEPHENS, George. Runehallen i det danske oldnordiske museum. Køpenhavn: Michaelssen and Tillge, 1868.
STOKLUND, Marie. Chronology and Typology of the Danish Runic Inscriptions. In: STOKLUND, Marie et el (Eds.). Runes and their secrets: studies in runology. Copenhagen: Museum of Tusculanum Press/University of Copenhagen, 2006, pp. 355-383.
SUNDQVIST, Olof. The Hanging, the Nine Nights and the “Precious Knowledge” in Hávamál 138–145: The Cultic Context. In: HEIZMANN, Wilhelm et al (Eds.). Analecta Septentrionalia. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2009, p. 649-668.
SUNDQVIST, Olof. The problem of religious specialists and cult performers in early Scandinavia. Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft 11(1), 2003, pp. 107-131.
TAGGART, Declan Ciaran. How Thor Lost his Thunder. London: Routledge, 2018.
TSITSIKLIS, Kieran R.M. Der Thul in text und kontext: þUlr/þYle in Edda und Altenglischer literatur. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2017.
VAITKEVIČIUS, VYKINTAS. The swastika in Lithuania: the horizon of the 13th and 14th centuries. Archaeologia Baltica 27, 2020, p. 104–119.
WESTCOAT, Eirik. The Valknut: Heart of the Slain? Odroerir 3, 2015, pp. 1-23.
WESTRUP, C.W. Stenene tale: indskrifter, Symboler, Skulpturer. Vore Kirkegaarde 7(1), 1930, pp. 57-63.
WILSON, David (Ed.). The Northern World. New York: Harry Abrams, 1980.
JÓNSSON, Guðni (Editor). Hávamál, Eddukvæði Sæmundar-Edda, 1949. Heimkringla.no: http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Hávamál Acesso em 24 de dezembro de 2021.
RAMALHO, Erick (Tradutor). Beowulf: edição bilíngue, inglês antigo/português. Belo Horizonte: Tessitura, 2007.
STURLUSON, Snorri. Edda: Skáldskaparmál I, edição de Anthony Faulkes. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1998.
STURLUSON, Snorri. Frá blótum (16). Saga Hákonar góða, Heimskringla (edição de Linder e Hagson, 1872). http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Saga_H%C3%A1konar_g%C3%B3%C3%B0a Acesso em 27 de dezembro de 2021.
Fontes secundárias:
ABRAHAMSON, Werner; THORLACIUS, Skúli. Den Snoldelevske Runesteen. Antiqvariske Annaler vol. 1, 1812, pp. 278-322.
ANDERS, Andrén. Sun and moon. In: SCHJØDT, Jens et al (Ed.). The Pre-Christian Religions of the North. History and structures, volume III. London: Brepols, 2020, pp. 1465-1480.
ANDERS, Andrén. Archaeology. In: GLAUSER, Jürg et al (Eds.). Handbook of Pre-Modern Nordic Memory Studies: Interdisciplinary Approaches, vol. I. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2018, pp. 135-150.
ÁRNASON, Jón. Íslenzkar þjóðsögur og æfintýri. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1862.
AUTORES. Sacred signs, divine marks: geometric religious symbols in Viking Age Scandinavia. Ceræ: An Australasian Journal in Medieval and Early Modern Studies 8, 2021 (no prelo).
BÉRNARDEZ, Enrique. Los mitos germánicos. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2010.
BLIUJIENE, Audronė. Universalusis svastikos simbolis baltų archeologinėje medžiagoje. Liaudies Kultura 4(73), 2000, p. 16-27.
BOYER, Régis. Cœur de Hrungnir. Héros et dieux du Nord. Paris: Flammarion, 1997, pp. 33.
BOYER, Régis. Yggdrasill: la religion des anciens scandinaves. Paris: Payot, 1981.
BRADLEY, Jill. Building a Visual Vocabulary. The Retrospective Methods Network 4, 2012, pp. 31-39.
BRINK, Stefan. Political and Social Structures in Early Scandinavia: A Settlement-historical Pre-study of the Central Place. Tor vol. 28, 1996, pp. 235-282.
COIMBRA, Fernando. Symbols for protection in war among European societies (1000 BC – 1000 AD). In: DELFINO, Davide (Ed.). Late Prehistory and Protohistory: Bronze Age and Iron Age: The emergence of warrior societies and its economic, social and environmental consequences. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2014, pp. 15-26.
DANIELSSON, Ing-Marie Back. Walking Down Memory Lane: Rune-Stones as Mnemonic Agents in the Landscapes of Late Viking-Age Scandinavia. In: WILLIAMS, Howard et al (Eds.). Early Medieval Stone Monuments: Materiality, Biography, Landscape. Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer, 2015, pp. 62-86.
DAVIDSON, H.R. Ellis. Cerimonial drinking. Myths and symbols in pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and celtic religion. London: Syracuse Press, 1988, pp. 41-44.
DAVIDSON, Hilda Ellis. Gods and Myths of Northern Europe. New York: Penguin Books, 1964.
DODD, James. Ships on Stone: A study in the chronology of Bronze Age and Pre-Roman Iron Age ship carvings in Hordaland, Western Norway. Tanums Hällristningsmuseum Underslös, 2010, p. 110-121.
GARIPZANOV, Ildar. Religious symbols on early christian scandinavian coins (ca. 995-1050): from imitation to adaptation. Viator 42, 2011, pp. 1-15.
GLAHN, L. Snoldelev Sten. Historisk Årbog for Roskilde Amt 1(1), 1917, pp. 135-141.
GONZÁLEZ-RUIBAL, Alfredo. The politics of identity: ethnicity and the economy of power in Iron Age Northwest Iberia. In: CIFANI, Gabriele (Ed.). Landscape, Ethnicity and Identity in the archaic Mediterranean Area. London: Oxbow Books, 2012, p. 245-266.
GREG, Robert Philips. On the meaning and origin of the fylfot and swastika. Westminster: Nichols and sons, 1884.
HELLERS, Tom. Valknútr. Wein: Fassbaender, 2012.
HUPFAUF, Peter R. Signs and symbols represented in Germanic, particularly early Scandinavian, iconography between the Migration Period and the end of the Viking Age. Tese de doutorado em Filosofia, Universidade de Sydney, 2003.
HULTGÅRD, Anders. The religion of the Viking Age. In: BRINK, Stefan (Ed.). The Viking World. London: Routledge, 2008, pp. 212-218.
IMER, Lisbeth. Rune Stones. In: National Museum of Denmark: Danish Prehistory. Copenhagen: The National Museum, 2016, pp. 270-279.
IMER, Lisbeth; HYLDGÅRD, Peter. Hvad står der på runestenen? Videnskab.dk, 2015. https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/hvad-star-der-pa-runestenen Acesso em 21 de dezembro de 2021.
JACOBSEN, Lis. Rökstudier. Arkiv for Nordisk Filologi. Lund: Gleerup, 1941, pp. 1-269.
JONES-BLEY, Karlene. An archaeological reconsideration of solar mythology. Word 44(3), 431-443.
KÄLLSTRÖM, Magnus. Gotlandic Picture Stones as Sources for Runology and the History of Scandinavian Languages. In: Gotland´s Picture stones: Bearers of an Enigmatic Legacy. Gotländskt arkiv vol. 24, 2012, pp. 119-212.
KOESLING, Jonas. Memories Carved in Stones? Collective Memory Studies and Early Scandinavian Rune-Stones, or Remarks on the Banalities of “Burial-Stones”. Scandinavian-Canadian Studies 28, 2021, pp. 38-77.
KULTURHISTORISK MUSEUM. Billedvevene fra Osebergskipet. Documentário/Curta metragem, 5 m. Oslo: Storm Films, 2018.
LINDBERG, Anette. The Concept of Religion in Current Studies of Scandinavian Pre-Christian Religion. Temenos 45(1), 2009, pp. 85-119.
MACLEOD, Mindy e MEES, Bernard. Runic amulets and magic objects. London: The Boydell Press, 2006.
MAGNUS, Bente. Men, gods and masks in Nordic Iron Age Art. Köln: Buchhandlung Walther König, 2008.
MAIN, Austin. The Tripartite Ideology: Interactions between threefold symbology, treuddar and the elite in Iron Age Scandinavia. Dissertação de Mestrado em Arqueologia, Universidade de Uppsala, 2020.
MANDT, Gro. Kårstad i Stryn – møteplass for ulike kulttradisjoner i eldre jernalder? In: BERGSVIK, Knut Anbdreas (Eds.). Fra funn til samfunn: Jernalderstudier tilegnet Bergljot Solberg på 70-årsdagen. Bergen: UBAS/Universitetet i Bergen Arkeologiske Skrifter, 2005, pp. 51-67.
MAREZ, Alain. Anthologie Runique. Paris: Belles Lettres, 2007.
MEES, Bernard. The Science of swastika. Vienna: Central European University Press, 2008.
MEJBORG, Reinhold. Symbolske figurer i Nordiska Museet. Norstedt: Nordiska Museet, 1889.
MOTZ, Lotte. The Germanic Thunderweapon. Saga-Book XXIV, 1997, pp. 329-350.
MÜLLER, Ludvig. Det saakaldte Hagekors's Anvendelse og Betydning i Oldtiden. Kjøbenhavn: Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri, 1877.
MURPHY, Luke John. The limits of discrepancy: mapping variation in pre-Christian Nordic Religion. In: KAPITAN, Latarzyna et al (Eds.). Selected presentations from the network of early career researchers in Old Norse. Aarhus: Aarhus University, 2020, p. 16.
MURPHY, Luke John. Continuity and Change: Forms of Liminality in the Sacred Social Spaces of the Pre-Christian Nordic World. Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 12, 2016, pp. 137-172.
NIELSEN, Kar Martin. Rasks tydning af Snoldelev-stenen. Danske Studier 1974, pp. 132-134.
NORDBERG, Andreas. Configurations of religion in late Iron Age and Viking Age Scandinavia. In: EDHOLM, Klas et al (Eds.). Myth, Materiality, and Lived Religion In Merovingian and Viking Scandinavia. Stockholm: Stockholm University Press, 2019, p. 339-374.
NORDÉN, Arthur. Från Kivik till Eggjum. Fornvännen Journal of Swedish Antiquarian Research 29, 1934, pp. 35-53.
PASTOUREAU, Michel. Símbolo. In: LE GOFF, Jacques; SCHMITT, Jean-Claude (org.). Dicionário temático do Ocidente Medieval, vol. III. São Paulo: Edusc, 2002, p. 495-510.
PESCH, Alexandra. Shared divine: gold bracteates. In: BURCHE, Aleksander et al (Ed.). The Migration Period between the Oder and the Vistula, vol. 1. London: Brill, 2020, pp. 411-433.
PETRENKO, V; KUZMENKO, J. Ny a fynd med run or från Gamla Ladoga. Viking: Tidsskrift for norrøn arkeologi XLII, 1979, pp. 78-84.
PRICE, T. Dogulas. Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
RAUDVERE, Catharina. The part or the whole: cosmology as an empirical and analytical concept. Temenos vol. 45, n.1, 2009, pp. 7-33.
RINGSTAD, Bjørn. En underlig steinfigur fra Tornes i Romsdal. Viking: Norsk arkeologisk årbok Bind LIX, 1996, pp. 101-118.
ROBB, John E. The Archaeology of Symbols. Annual Review of Anthropology 27, 1998, pp. 329-346.
ROOD, Joshua. Ascending the Steps to Hliðskjálf: The Cult of Óðinn in Early Scandinavian Aristocracy. Dissertação de Mestrado, Háskóli Íslands, 2017.
ROOD, Joshua. Drinking with Óðinn: alcohol and religion in heathen Scandinavia. Dissertação de Mestrado não publicada, Háskóli Íslands, 2014.
SCHJØDT, Jens Peter. Reflections oi aims and methods in the study of Old Norse Religion. In: More than mythology. Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2012, p. 263-287.
ŠEINER, Jan. Sacred Places, Sacred Persons: Religion, Death and Leadership in Roman Iron Age Scandinavia. Sacra 7(2), 2009, pp. 5-29.
SIMEK, Rudolf. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. London: D.S. Brewer, 2007.
SOUZA, Rodrigo Franklin de. Símbolos, memória e a semiótica da cultura: a religião entre a estrutura e o texto. Estudos de Religião 29(1), 2015, pp. 70-86.
SØGAARD, Rune (Diretor). Gåden om Danmarks første konge (Sæson 1, episoder 5: De mystiske sagn), DR TV, documentar, 03/11/2021, København, Danmark.
STEPHENS, George. Handbook of the Old Northern runic monuments. Kjøbenhavn: H. V. Lynge, 1884.
STEPHENS, George. Runehallen i det danske oldnordiske museum. Køpenhavn: Michaelssen and Tillge, 1868.
STOKLUND, Marie. Chronology and Typology of the Danish Runic Inscriptions. In: STOKLUND, Marie et el (Eds.). Runes and their secrets: studies in runology. Copenhagen: Museum of Tusculanum Press/University of Copenhagen, 2006, pp. 355-383.
SUNDQVIST, Olof. The Hanging, the Nine Nights and the “Precious Knowledge” in Hávamál 138–145: The Cultic Context. In: HEIZMANN, Wilhelm et al (Eds.). Analecta Septentrionalia. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2009, p. 649-668.
SUNDQVIST, Olof. The problem of religious specialists and cult performers in early Scandinavia. Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft 11(1), 2003, pp. 107-131.
TAGGART, Declan Ciaran. How Thor Lost his Thunder. London: Routledge, 2018.
TSITSIKLIS, Kieran R.M. Der Thul in text und kontext: þUlr/þYle in Edda und Altenglischer literatur. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2017.
VAITKEVIČIUS, VYKINTAS. The swastika in Lithuania: the horizon of the 13th and 14th centuries. Archaeologia Baltica 27, 2020, p. 104–119.
WESTCOAT, Eirik. The Valknut: Heart of the Slain? Odroerir 3, 2015, pp. 1-23.
WESTRUP, C.W. Stenene tale: indskrifter, Symboler, Skulpturer. Vore Kirkegaarde 7(1), 1930, pp. 57-63.
WILSON, David (Ed.). The Northern World. New York: Harry Abrams, 1980.
Publicado
2022-08-24
Como Citar
Langer, J. (2022). Suásticas, ritos e espacialidades. Revista Brasileira De História Das Religiões, 15(44). https://doi.org/10.4025/rbhranpuh.v15i44.62031
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ARTIGOS LIVRES
Copyright (c) 2022 Johnni Langer (Autor)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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