Shadowing of a bioenergetic species in soybean development: an analysis of the feasibility potential of this integration
Abstract
There is currently a lack of information in the literature on the integrated production of macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) and soybean (Glycine max) crops, and the importance of expanding integrated production systems; therefore, the objective of this work was to identify the effects of macauba shading on growth, development, and productivity of different soybean cultivars. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design in a factorial scheme (4 × 2), with four cultivars and two production systems (monoculture and crop-forest integration), and four replicates per treatment. All soybean cultivars in the crop-forest integration system showed plant stagnation due to the shade level of the palm trees, as well as a reduction in the leaf area index and chlorophyll content in the leaves. Regarding reproductive parameters, grain, and oil yield, the cultivars responded differently between the production systems, revealing an interaction between the genotype and the environment. Our methodology was not favorable to soybean production; therefore, the management of spacing between palm trees and the selection of soybean genotypes that are more adapted to shaded environments are strategies that can allow for the integrated production of these species.
Downloads
References
Alvarenga, R. C., Porfírio, S. V., Gontijo Neto, M. M., Viana, M. C. M., & Vilela, L. (2010). Sistema integração lavoura‑pecuária‑floresta: condicionamento do solo e intensificação da produção de lavouras. Informe Agropecuário, 31(257), 59-67.
Balbino, L. C., Cordeiro, L. A. M., Porfírio, S. V., Moraes, A., Martínez, G. B., Ramon, R. C., & Galerani, P. R. (2011). Evolução tecnológica e arranjos produtivos de sistemas de integração lavoura‑pecuária‑floresta no Brasil. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 46(10), 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2011001000001
Barnes, J. D., Balaguer, L., Manrique, E., Elvira, S., & Davison, A. W. (1992). A reappraisal of the use of DMSO for the extraction and determination of chlorophylls a and b in lichens and higher plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 32(2), 85-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(92)90034-Y
Behling, M., Carvalho, G., Felipe, R. T. A., Farias, J. B., & Camargo D. (2019). Produtividade e características fisiológicas da soja na ILPF. In Embrapa Agrossilvipastoril: primeiras contribuições para o desenvolvimento de uma Agropecuária Sustentável. Sinop, MT: Embrapa Agrossilvipastoril.
Böhm, C., Kanzler M., & Freese D. (2014). Wind speed reductions as influenced by woody hedgerows grown for biomass in short rotation alley cropping systems in Germany. Agroforestry Systems, 88(1), 579-591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9700-y
Buzzello, G. L., Pelissari, A., Moraes, A., Deschamps, C., Porfírio, S. V., Oliveira, E. B., ... Oliveira, R. A. (2015). Índices não paramétricos estimados pela combinação de diferentes caracteres com acumulação de biomassa como critério de avaliação da competição de cultivares de soja com e sem sombreamento. Revista Brasileira de Biomassa, 33(3), 310-329.
Cardoso, A. N., Santos, G. S., Favaro, S. P., Diniz, C. B., & Sousa, H. U. (2020). Extrativismo da macaúba na região do Cariri Cearense: comercialização e oportunidades. Brazilian Journal of Development, 6(5), 25261-25279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n5-108
Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento [CONAB]. (2020). Acompanhamento de safra brasileira de grãos, v. 7 - Safra 2019/20 - Décimo segundo levantamento. Retrieved from https://www.conab.gov.br/info-agro/safras/graos/boletim-da-safra-de-graos
Dornelles, E. L. B., Mendez, M. G., Correa, L. A. V., & Schuch, L. O. B. (1997). Arranjos de plantas e épocas de semeadura no cultivo consorciado de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e milho (Zea mays L.) na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Revista Brasileira de Agrociência, 3(1), 11-16.
Effendy, I., Harun, U., Budianta, D., & Munandar, C. (2014). Performa karakter daun tanaman jagung (Zea mays L.) ternaungi di lahan rawa pasang surut. Jurnal Agronomika, 3(1), 22-34.
Effendy, I., & Utami, N. D. (2020). Growth and yield of three varieties of soybeans in inter-row with cutting on palm oil fronds tip. Jurnal Agrotek Tropika, 8(2), 207-216. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jat.v8i2.3500
Evaristo, A. B., Martino, D. C., Ferrarez, A. E., Donato, D. B., Carneiro, A. C. O., & Grossi, J. A. S. (2016). Energy potential of the macaw palm fruit residues and their use in charcoal production. Ciência Florestal, 26(2), 571-577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509822757
Fan, Y., Wang, Z., Liao, Raza, M. A., Wang, B., Zhang, J., … Yang W. (2020). Uptake and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as related to yield advantage in maize-soybean intercropping under different row configurations. Scientific Reports, 10(9504), 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66459-y
Favarin, J. E., Neto, D. D., García, A. G., Nova, N. A. V., & Favarin, M. G. G. (2002). Equações para a estimativa do índice de área foliar do cafeeiro. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira., 37(6),769-773. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2002000600005
Franchini, J. C., Balbinot Junior, A. A., Sichier, F. R., Debiasi, H., & Conte, O. (2014). Yield of soybean, pasture and wood in integrated croplivestock-forest system in Northwestern Paraná state, Brazil. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 45(5), 1006-1013.
Gontijo Neto, M. M., Viana, M. C. M., Alvarenga, R. C., Santos, E. A., Simão, E. P., & Campanha, M. M. (2014). Sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta em Minas Gerais. Boletim de Indústria Animal, 71(2), 183-191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17523/bia.v71n2p183
Heil, C. (2010). Rapid, multi-component analysis of soybeans by FT-NIR Spectroscopy. Madison, US: Thermo Fisher Scientific.
Kurepin, L. V., Walton, L. J., Hayward, A., Neil Emery, R. J., Reid, D. M., & Chinnappa, C. C. (2012). Shade light interaction with salicylic acid in regulating growth of sun (alpine) and shade (prairie) ecotypes of Stellaria longipes. Plant Growth Regulation, 68, 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-012-9686-2
Laisk, A., Eichelmann, H., Oja, V., Rasulov, B., Padu, E., Bichele, I., … Kull, O. (2005). Adjustment of leaf photosynthesis to shade in a natural canopy: rate parameters. Plant, Cell & Environment, 28(3), 375-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01274.x
Lanes, E. C. M., Costa, P. M. A., & Motoike, S. Y. (2014). Alternative fuels: Brazil promotes aviation biofuels. Nature, 511(7507), 1-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/511031a
Lin, B. B. (2007). Agroforestry management as an adaptive strategy against potential microclimate extremes in coffee agriculture. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 144(1-2), 85-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.12.009
Liu, W., Zou, J., Zhang, J., Yang, F., Wan, Y., & Yang, W. (2015). Evaluation of soybean (Glycine max) stem vining in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system. Plant Production Science, 18(1), 69-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.18.69
Matos, F. S., Carvalho, D. D. C., Souza, A. C., Neves, T. G., Ribeiro, R. P., Cruvinel, C. K. L., & Rosa, V. R. (2014). Viabilidade agronômica do consórcio entre pinhão manso e soja. Revista Agrarian, 7(24), 226-232.
Melges, E., Nei, F., Lopes, & Marco, A. O. (1989). Crescimento e conversão da energia solar em soja cultivada sob quatro níveis de radiação solar. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 24(9), 1065-1072.
Moreira, S. L. S., Pires, C. V., Marcatti, G. E., Santos, R. H. S., Imbuzeiro, H. M. A., & Fernandes, R. B. A. (2018). Intercropping of coffee with the palm tree, macauba, can mitigate climate change effects. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 256-257, 379-390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.03.026
Nair, P. K. R. (1985). Classification of agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems, 3, 97-128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122638
Nobre, D. A. C., Trogello E., Borghetti R. A., & David, A. M. S. S. (2014). Macaúba: palmeira de extração sustentável para biocombustível. Colloquium Agrariae, 10(2), 92-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5747/ca.2014.v10.n2.a112
Page, E. R., Tollenaar, M., Lee, E. A., Lukens, L., & Swanton, C. J. (2010). Shade avoidance: An integral component of crop-weed competition. Weed Research, 50(4), 281-288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00781.x
Peng, X.; Zhang, Y., Cai, J., Jiang, Z., & Zhang, S. (2009). Photosynthesis, growth and yield of soybean and maize in a tree-based agroforestry intercropping system on the Loess Plateau. Agroforestry Systems, 76(3), 569-577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9227-9
Pires, J. L. F., Costa, J. A., Thomas, A. L., & Maehler, A. R. (2000). Efeito de populações e espaçamentos sobre o potencial de rendimento da soja durante a ontogenia. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 35(8), 1541-1547. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2000000800006
R Core Team. (2014). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, AT: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Reynolds, P. E., Simpson, J. A, Thevathasan, N. V, & Andrew, M. G. (2007). Effects of tree competition on corn and soybean photosynthesis, growth, and yield in a temperate tree-based agroforestry intercropping system in southern Ontario, Canada. Ecological Engineering, 29(4), 362-371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.09.024
Rivest, D., Cogliastro, A., Vanasse, A., & Olivier, A. (2009). Production of soybean associated with different hybrid poplar clones in a tree-based intercropping system in southwestern Québec, Canada. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 131(1-2), 51-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.08.011
Schreiner, H. G. (1989). Culturas intercalares de soja em reflorestamentos de eucaliptos no Sul-Sudeste de Brasil. Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal, 18(19), 1-10.
Skálová, H. (2005). Morphological plasticity of Festuca rubra clones from three neighbouring communities in response to red: far-red levels. Folia Geobotânica, 40, 77-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02803046
Silva, A. T. V. C., Neves, T. G, Zucch, M. R., Rocha, E. C., & Matos, F. S (2012). Avaliação da senescência foliar de plantas de Jatropha curcas submetidas a doses de benzilaminopurina. Revista Agrotecnologia 3(1), 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12971/2179-5959.v03n01a01
Souza, C. A., Figueiredo, B. P., Coelho, C. M. M., Casa, R. T., & Sangol, L. (2013). Arquitetura de plantas e produtividade da soja decorrente do uso de redutores de crescimento. Bioscience Journal, 29(3), 634-643.
Souza, M. O., Marques D. V., Souza, G. S., & Marra, R. (2010). O complexo de soja: aspectos descritivos e previsões. Pesquisa Operacional para o Desenvolvimento, 2, 1-86.
Su, B. Y., Song, Y. X., Song, C., Cui, L., Yong, T. W., & Yang, W. Y. (2014). Growth and photosynthetic responses of soybean seedlings to maize shading in relay intercropping system in Southwest China. Photosynthetica, 52, 332-340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-014-0036-7
Tagliapietra, E. L., Streck, N. A. L., Rocha, T. S. M., Richter, G. L., Silva, M. R., Cera, J. C., ... Zanon, A. J. (2018). Optimum leaf area index to reach soybean yield potential in subtropical environment. Agronomy Journal, 110(3), 932-938. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2017.09.0523
Tibolla, L. B., Schwerz, F., Sgarbossa, J., Felipe, E., Nardini, C., Petter, S, L. M., … Otomar, B. C. (2019). Effect of artificial shading on soybean growth and yield. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias, 14(4), 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v14i4a6876
Tourino, M. C. C., Rezende, P. M., & Salvador, N. (2002). Espaçamento, densidade e uniformidade de semeadura na produtividade e características agronômicas da soja. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 37(8), 1071-1077. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2002000800004
Vidal, R. A. (2010). Interação negativa entre plantas: inicialismo, alelopatia e competição. Porto Alegre, RS: Evangraf.
Vilela, L., Martha Junior, G. B., Macedo, M. C. M., Marchão, R. L., Guimarães Júnior, R., Pulrolnik, K., & Maciel, G. A. L. (2011). Sistemas de integração lavoura‑pecuária na região do Cerrado. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 46(10), 1127-1138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2011001000003
Wu, Y., Gong, W., Yang, F., Wang, X., Yong, T., & Yang, W. (2016). Responses to shade and subsequent recovery of soya bean in maize-soya bean relay strip intercropping. Plant Production Science, 19(2), 206-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2015.1128095
Wu, Y., Yang, F., Gong, W., Ahmed, S., Fan, Y., Wu, X., Yong, T., Liu, W., …Yang, W. (2017). Shade adaptive response and yield analysis of different soybean genotypes in relay intercropping systems. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 16(6), 1331-1340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61525-3
Yang, F., Huang, S., Gao, R. C., Liu, W. G., Yong, T. W., Wang, X. C., & Yang, W. Y. (2014). Growth of soybean seedlings in relay strip intercropping systems in relation to light quantity and red: far-red ratio. Field Crops Research, 15, 245-253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.08.011
Yang, F., Wang, X. C., Liao, D. P., Lu, F. Z., Gao, R. C., Liu, W. G., Yong, T. W., Wu, X. L., …Yang, W. Y. (2015). Yield response to different planting geometries in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems. Agronomy Journal, 107(1), 296-304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0263
Zhang, J., Smith, D. L., Weiguo, L., Chen, X., & Wenyu, Y. (2011). Effects of shade and drought stress on soybean hormones and yield of main-stem and branch. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(65), 14392-14398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.2143
Zhu, J., Werf, W. V. D., Anten, N. P. R., Vos, J., & Evers, J. B. (2015). The contribution of phenotypic plasticity to complementary light capture in plant mixtures. New Phytologist, 207(4), 1213-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13416
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY AND COPYRIGHTS
I Declare that current article is original and has not been submitted for publication, in part or in whole, to any other national or international journal.
The copyrights belong exclusively to the authors. Published content is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) guidelines, which allows sharing (copy and distribution of the material in any medium or format) and adaptation (remix, transform, and build upon the material) for any purpose, even commercially, under the terms of attribution.
