Black oat grown with common vetch improves the chemical composition and degradability rate of forage

Palavras-chave: cattle behavior; grazing; sustainability.

Resumo

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cultivating a combination of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) with black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) on the chemical composition of forage and the grazing behavior of heifers. To accomplish this, two paddocks 2500m2 each from a Voisin Rational Grazing management system were divided into three blocks each and then into thirds (278m²) characterizing a randomized block design. Three different forage compositions were distributed into these thirds: oats grown alone, vetch grown alone, and oats grown with vetch. Forage samples were collected after 65 days through the square method. Right after collection, three groups of four heifers each grazed the plots for two hours in a 3x3 double Latin Square design for behavioral observation, grazing simulation through the hand-plucking method, and biting rate determination. Forage samples collected either by hand-plucking or the square method, were analyzed for chemical composition and “in vitro” degradability.  Statistical analyses were performed using the R package lme4. Data were evaluated with linear mixed-effects models. The inclusion of common vetch significantly increased forage production and oat protein content, but decreased the fiber content, which promoted better “in vitro” degradability. Grazing frequency was higher in pasture where oats were grown with vetch, but the biting rate was similar in all the three forage compositions evaluated. Forage collected by the square method did not differ from forage consumed by the heifers, probably meaning low herbage selectivity by heifers.  Furthermore, no interaction of investigated variables occurred between forage compositions and the method of collection. The inclusion of common vetch with black oats increased forage chemical composition, “in vitro” degradability, and forage production, thus having positive effects on the time cows spent grazing.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

Altman, J. (1974). Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods. Behaviour, 49, 227–265. doi: 10.1163/156853974X00534

Anjos, A. N. A. D., Olivo, C. J., Sauter, C. P., Silva, A. R., Santos, F. T. D., & Seibt, D. C. (2016). Forage yield in pastures with bermuda grass mixed with different legumes. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 38(3), 261-266. doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v38i3.31114

Alvares, C. A., Stape, J. L., Sentelhas, P. C., Moraes, G., Leonardo, J., & Sparovek, G. (2013). Köppen's climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 22(6) 711-728. doi: 10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507

Association of Official Analytical Chemists [AOAC]. (1995). Official methods of analysis (16th ed.). Arlington, MD: AOAC International.

Badgery, W. B., Millar, G. D., Broadfoot, K., Michalk, D. L., Cranney, P., & Mitchell, D. (2017). Increased production and cover in a variable native pasture following intensive grazing management. Animal Production Science, 57(9), 1812-1823. doi: 10.1071/AN15861

Barel, J. M., Kuyper, T. W., De Boer, W., Douma, J. C., & Deyn, G. B. (2017). Legacy effects of diversity in space and time driven by winter cover crop biomass and nitrogen concentration. Journal of Applied Ecology, 55(1) 299–310. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12929

Barsila, S. R. (2018). The fodder oat (Avena sativa) mixed legume forages farming: Nutritional and ecological benefits. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1(1)206-222. doi: 10.3126/janr.v1i1.22236

Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1-51. doi: 10.18637/jss.v067.i01

Benvenutti, M. A., Pavetti, D. R., Poppi, D. P., Gordon, I. J., & Cangiano, C. A. (2016). Defoliation patterns and their implications for the management of vegetative tropical pastures to control intake and diet quality by cattle. Grass and Forage Science, 7(3) 424-436. doi: 10.1111/gfs.12186

Berndt, A., & Tomkins, N. W. (2013). Measurement and mitigation of methane emissions from beef cattle in tropical grazing systems: a perspective from Australia and Brazil. Animal: an International Journal of Animal Bioscience, 7(2) 363–372. doi: 10.1017/S1751731113000670

Chapman, D. F., Parsons, A. J., Cosgrove, G. P., Baker, D. J., Marotti, D. M., Venning, K. J., … Thomson, A. N. (2007). Impact of spatial patterns in pasture on animal grazing behavior, intake and performance. Crop Science, 47(1), 399–415. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2006.01.0036

Coimbra, P. A. D., Machado Filho, L. C. P., & Hötzel, M. J. (2012). Effects of social dominance, water trough location and shade availability on drinking behaviour of cows on pasture. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 139(3-4), 175–182. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.04.009

R Core Team. (2018). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing., Vienna, AU: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. FAOSTAT. Recovered from http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QA/visualize.

Ferraz, J. B. S., & Felicio, P. E. (2010). Production systems – An example from Brazil. Meat Science, 84(2), 238–243. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.06.006

Hilario, M. C., Wrage-Mönnig, N., & Isselstein, J. (2017). Behavioral patterns of (co) grazing cattle and sheep on swards differing in plant diversity. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 191, 17-23. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.009

Huang, Y. F., Gao, X. L., Nan, Z. B., & Zhang, Z. X. (2017). Potential value of the common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) as an animal feedstuff: a review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 101(5), 807-823. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12617

Kafilzadeh, F., & Heidary, N. (2013). Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and kinetics of fermentation of whole-crop forage from 18 different varieties of oat (Avena sativa L.). Journal of Applied Animal Research, 41(1) 61-68. doi: 10.1080/09712119.2012.739084

Korner-Nievergelt, F., Von Felten, S., Roth, T., Almasi, B., Guélat, J., & Korner-Nievergelt, P. (2015). Bayesian data analysis in ecology using linear models with R, Bugs, and Stan. Boston, AM: Elsevier.

Machado, L. C. P. (2010). Pastoreio Racional Voisin: Tecnologia Agroecológica Para o Terceiro Milênio (2a ed.). São Paulo, SP: Expressão Popular.

Machado Filho, L. C. P., D’ávila, L. M., Kazama, D. C. S., Bento, L. L., & Kuhnen, S. (2014). Productive and economic responses in grazing dairy cows to grain supplementation on family farms in the south of Brazil. Animals, 4(3) 463–475. doi: 10.3390/ani4030463

Manning, J., Cronin, G., González, L., Hall, E., Merchant, A., & Ingram, L. (2017). The behavioural responses of beef cattle (bos taurus) to declining pasture availability and the use of gnss technology to determine grazing preference. Agriculture, 7(5), 45. doi: 10.3390/agriculture7050045

Martin, G., Moraine, M., Ryschawy, J., Magne, M. A., Asai, M., Sarthou, J. P., & Therond, O. (2016). Crop–livestock integration beyond the farm level: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 36(3), 53. doi: 10.1007/s13593-016-0390-x

Mauricio, R. M., Mould, F. L., Dhanoa, M. S., Owen, E., Channa, K. S., & Theodorou, M. K. (1999). A semi-automated in vitro gas production technique for ruminant feedstuff evaluation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 79(4) 321-330. doi: 10.1016/S0377-8401(99)00033-4

Melesse, A., Steingass, H., Schollenberger, M., & Rodehutscord, M. (2017). Screening of common tropical grass and legume forages in Ethiopia for their nutrient composition and methane production profile in vitro. Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales, 5(3) 163-175. doi: 10.17138/TGFT(5)163-175

Mezzalira, J. C., Carvalho, P. C. F., Fonseca, L., Bremm, C., Cangiano, C. H., Gonda, H. L., & Laca, E. A. (2014). Behavioural mechanisms of intake rate by heifers grazing swards of contrasting structures. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 153, 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.12.014

Mukumbareza, C., Muchaonyerwa, P., & Chiduza, C. (2016). Bicultures of oat (Avena sativa L.) and grazing vetch (Vicia dasycarpa L.) cover crops increase contents of carbon pools and activities of selected enzymes in a loam soil under warm temperate conditions. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 62(5-6), 447-455. doi: 10.1080/00380768.2016.1206833

Peyraud, J. L., & Delagarde, R. (2013). Managing variations in dairy cow nutrient supply under grazing. Animal, 7, 57-67. doi: 10.1017/S1751731111002394

Rook, A. J., & Yarrow, N. H. (2002). Incorporating grazing behaviour measurements in models to predict herbage intake by grazing dairy cows. Grass and Forage Science, 57(1), 19-24. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2494.2002.00297.x

Salton, J. C., Mercantem, F. M., Tomazi, M., Zanatta, J. A., Concec, G., Silva, W. M., & Retore, M. (2014). Integrated crop-livestock system in tropical Brazil: Toward a sustainable production system. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 190, 70–79. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2013.09.023

Sturludóttir, E., Brophy, C., Bélanger, G., Gustavsson, A. M., Jørgensen, M., Lunnan, T., & Helgadóttir, Á. (2013). Benefits of mixing grasses and legumes for herbage yield and nutritive value in Northern Europe and Canada. Grass and Forage Science, 69(2) 229-240. doi: 10.1111/gfs.12037

Teague, R., Provenza, F., Kreuter, U., Steffens, T., & Barnes, M. (2013). Multi-paddock grazing on rangelands: why the perceptual dichotomy between research results and rancher experience? Journal of Environmental management, 128, 699-717. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.064

Wallis De Vries, M. F. (1995). Estimating forage intake and quality in grazing cattle: A reconsideration of the hand-plucking method. Journal of Range Management, 48(4) 370–375.

Wanapat, M. (2000). Rumen manipulation to increase the efficient use of local feed resources and productivity of ruminants in the tropics. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 13, 59-67.

Publicado
2020-06-08
Como Citar
Pereira, F. C., Machado Filho, L. C. P., Kazama , D. C. da S., & Guimarães Júnior , R. (2020). Black oat grown with common vetch improves the chemical composition and degradability rate of forage . Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 42(1), e49951. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.49951
Seção
Forragicultura

0.9
2019CiteScore
 
 
29th percentile
Powered by  Scopus