Production and marginal analysis of lactating cows subjected to dietary cation-anion balances
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate productive, nutritional, and economic traits in lactating cows on pasture fed diets with different cation-anion balances (DCAB). Ten lactating ¾ Holstein × ¼ Dairy Gyr cows in the middle third of lactation, at an average age of 70 ± 4.6 months and an average body weight of 400 ± 55.2 kg, were distributed into five treatments in a 5 × 5 Latin square experimental design with two simultaneous squares. Treatments consisted of diets with DCAB of +237, +258, +294, +347, or +419 mEq dry matter (DM). No effects of intake were observed. There was no significant effect of DCAB on milk yield. The milk protein content was not influenced by the DCAB. Body condition score was not significantly affected by the DCAB. The apparent digestibilities of dry matter and nutrients (crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, ether extract, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients) were not affected by the DCAB. Marginal rate of return did not show significant differences. Under good conditions of pasture, forage availability, and quality associated with the lactation phases of the cows, all diets were efficient in milk production, dry matter intake, and digestibility. However, in economic terms, the most attractive DCAB was +237 mEq kg-1 DM.
Downloads
References
Amanlou, H., Farahani, T. A., & Farsuni, N. E. (2017). Effects of rumen undegradable protein supplementation on productive performance and indicators of protein and energy metabolism in Holstein fresh cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(5), 3628-3640. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11794
Arêdes, A., Silveira, S. F. R., Lima, A. A. T. F. C., Arêdes, A. F., & Pires, S. V. (2006). Análise de custos na pecuária leiteira: um estudo de caso das propriedades assistidas pelo programa de desenvolvimento da pecuária leiteira da região de Viçosa. Custos e @gronegócios, 2(1), 45-68.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists [AOAC]. (1997). Official methods of analysis (16th ed., 3rd rev.). Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International.
Barbosa, R. S., Fischer, V., Ribeiro, M. E. R., Zanela, M. B., Stumpf, M. T., Kolling, G. J., ... Egito, A. S. (2012). Electrophoretic characterization of proteins and milk stability of cows submitted to feeding restriction. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 47(4), 621-628. doi: 10.1590/S0100-204X2012000400019
Braga, G. J., Pedreira, C. G. S., Herling, V. R., Luz, P. H. C., Marchesin, W. A., & Macêdo, F. B. (2009). Quantifying herbage mass on rotationally stocked palisadegrass pastures using indirect methods. Scientia Agricola, 66(1), 127-131. doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162009000100018
Campbell, A. G. (1966). Grazed pasture parameters. I. Pasture dry-matter production and availability in a stocking rate and grazing management experiment with dairy cows. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 67(2), 199-210. doi: 10.1017/S0021859600068283
Casali, A. O., Detmann, E., Valadares Filho, S. C., Pereira, J. C., Henriques, L. T., Freitas, S. G., & Paulino, M. F. (2008). Influência do tempo de incubação e do tamanho de partículas sobre os teores de compostos indigestíveis em alimentos e fezes bovinas obtidos por procedimentos in situ. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 37(2), 335-342. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982008000200021
Edmonson, A. J., Lean, I. J., Weaver, L. D., Farver, T., & Webster, G. (1989). A body condition scoring chart for Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 7(1), 68-78. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79081-0
Evans, E. A. (2005). Análisis marginal: un procedimiento económico para seleccionar tecnologias o prácticas alternativas. Homestead, FL: University of Florida.
Gardner, A. L. (1986). Técnicas de pesquisa em pastagens e aplicabilidade de resultados em sistemas de produção. Brasília, DF: Embrapa.
Hall, M. B. (2000). Calculation of non-structural carbohydrate content of feeds that contain non-protein nitrogen. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.
Harrison, J., White, R., Kincaid, R., Block, E., Jenkins, T., & St-Pierre, N. (2012). Effectiveness of potassium carbonate sesquihydrate to increase dietary cation-anion difference in early lactation cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(7), 3919-3925. doi: 10.3168/jds.2011-4840
Hedqvist, H., & Udén, P. (2006). Measurement of soluble protein degradation in the rumen. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 126(1-2), 1-21. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.05.011
Hu, W., Murphy, M. R., Constable, P. D., & Block, E. (2007). Dietary cation-anion difference and dietary protein effects on performance and acid-base status of dairy cows in Early Lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(7), 3355-3366. doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-514
Iwaniuk, M. E., & Erdman, R. A. (2015). Intake, milk production, ruminal, and feed efficiency responses to dietary cation-anion difference by lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(12), 8973-8985. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9949
Johnson, A. D. (1978). Sample preparation and chemical analysis of vegetation. In L. T´Mannetje (Ed.), Measurement of grassland vegetation and animal production (p. 96-102). Aberystwyth, GB: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
Khelil-Arfa, H., Faverdin, P., & Boudon, A. (2014). Effect of ambient temperature and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on water and electrolyte balances in dry and lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(4), 2305-2318. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7079
Lanzas, C., Tedeschi, L. O., Seo, S., & Fox, D. G. (2007). Evaluation of protein fractionation systems used in formulating rations for dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(1), 507-521.
doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)72653-X
Licitra, G., Hernandez, T. M., & Van Soest, P. J. (1996). Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 57(4), 347-358. doi: 10.1016/0377-8401(95)00837-3
Marques, L. T., Fischer, V., Zanela, M. B., Ribeiro, M. E. R., Stumpf Junior, W., & Rodrigues, C. M. (2011). Milk yield, milk composition and biochemical blood profile of lactating cows supplemented with anionic salt. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(5), 1088-1094. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011000500021
Martins, C. M. M. R., Arcari, M. A., Welter, K. C., Netto, A. S., Oliveira, C. A. F., & Santos, M. V. (2015). Effect of dietary cation-anion difference on performance of lactating dairy cows and stability of milk proteins. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(4), 9650-9661. doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8926
Mendes, F. B. L., Silva, F. F., Silva, R. R., Carvalho, G. G. P., Cardoso, E. O., Rocha Neto, A. L., ... Pinheiro, A. A. (2013). Avaliação do comportamento ingestivo de vacas leiteiras em pastejo de Brachiaria brizantha recebendo diferentes teores de concentrado na dieta. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 34(6), 2977-2990. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2013v34n6p2977
National Research Council [NRC]. (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (7th ed). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Ribeiro Júnior, J. I. (2007). Statistical analyzes in SAEG. Viçosa, MG: UFV.
Saliba, E. O. S. (2013). Compêndio de utilização de indicadores do metabolismo animal. Viçosa, MG: Produção independente.
Sniffen, C. J., O’Connor, J. D., Van Soest, P. J., Fox, D. G., & Russell, J. B. (1992). A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, 70(11), 3562-3577. doi: 10.2527/1992.70113562x
Soares, A. C. M., Teixeira, F. A., Lins, T. O. J. D., Silva, R. R., Mota, P. L., Costa, F. M., & Geraseev, L. C. (2019). Management of pasture based on dmpd. Review. International Journal of Development Research, 9(2), 25574-25578.
Tyrrell, H. F., & Reid, J. T. (1965). Prediction of the energy value of cow’s milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 48(9), 1215-1223. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(65)88430-2
Van Amburgh, M. E., Collao-Saenz, E. A., Higgs, R. J., Ross, D. A., Recktenwald, E. B., Raffrenato, E., … Foskolos, A. (2015). The cornell net carbohydrate and protein system: updates to the model and evaluation of version 6.5. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(9), 6361-6380. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9378
Vasconcellos, M. A. S., & Oliveira, R. G. (2000). Manual de microeconomia (2 ed.). São Paulo, SP: Atlas.
Wilm, H. G., Costello, D. F., & Klipple, G. E. (1944). Estimating forage yield by the double‐sampling method. Agronomy Journal, 36(3), 194-203. doi: 10.2134/agronj1944.00021962003600030003x
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY AND COPYRIGHTS
- I Declare that current article is original and has not been submitted for publication, in part or in whole, to any other national or international journal.
The copyrights belong exclusively to the authors. Published content is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) guidelines, which allows sharing (copy and distribution of the material in any medium or format) and adaptation (remix, transform, and build upon the material) for any purpose, even commercially, under the terms of attribution.
Read this link for further information on how to use CC BY 4.0 properly.
