Supplementation strategies for crossbred steers on Brachiaria brizantha pasture during the dry season: Effects on performance, intake, digestibility and ingestive behavior
Abstract
Supplementation strategies have been studied to increase animal performance and the quality of meat. Thus, this study was carried out to evaluate the influence of different supplementation strategies on the performance, feed intake, digestibility and ingestive behaviour of crossbred steers on Brachiaria brizantha pasture, during the dry season. The experiment was performed in Bahia, Brazil, from August 2015 to January 2016, with a dry season of 203 days. Thirty-three crossbred steers with an average weight of 269.5 ± 41.8 kg were distributed in a completely randomised design with three treatments and 11 replicates per treatment. The results were analysed using an ANOVA and a Tukey test, with a 5% probability of error. The treatments were mineral salt with urea and the supplementation of protein based on the animals’ body weight (BW), as follows: 0.1 and 0.2% BW. There was no effect of supplementation strategy on the initial and final body weights. Supplementation strategies did not influence (p > 0.05) the variables related to the intake of total dry matter. There was an effect (p < 0.05) on the dry matter and crude protein digestibility coefficients. For ingestive behaviour, feed intake, grazing time and idle time tended to be altered by the supply strategies (p < 0.05), but rumination was not affected (p > 0.05) by the evaluated strategies. In conclusion, the supplementation strategies used during the dry season resulted in a similar performance; therefore, the adopted strategy can be chosen according to the economic and regional conditions of the production system. Thus, the strategy adopted could be chosen according to the economic and regional conditions of the production.
Downloads
References
Anualpec. (2021). Anuário da pecuária brasileira (20th ed., vol. 1). São Paulo, SP: Instituto FNP.
Askar, A. R., Gipson, T. A., Puchala, R., Tesfai, K., Detweiler, G. D., Asmare, A., … Goetsch, A. L. (2013). Effects of stocking rate and physiological state of meat goats grazing grass/forb pastures on forage intake, selection, and digestion, grazing behavior, and performance. Livestock Science, 154(1-3), 82-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.02.015
Casali, A. O., Detmann, E., Valadares Filho, S. C., Pereira, J. C., Henriques, L. T., Freitas, S. G., & Paulino, M. F. (2008). Influência do tempo de incubação e do tamanho de partículas sobre os teores de compostos indigestíveis em alimentos e fezes bovinas obtidos por procedimentos in situ. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 37(2), 335-342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982008000200021
Detmann, E., Paulino, M. F., Zervoudakis, J. T., Cecon, P. R., Valadares Filho, S. C., Gonçalves, L. C., … Melo, A. J. N. (2004). Níveis de proteína bruta em suplementos múltiplos para terminação de novilhos mestiços em pastejo durante a época seca: desempenho produtivo e características de carcaça. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 33(1), 169-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982004000100021
Detmann, E., Souza, M. A., Valadares Filho, S. C., Queiroz, A. C., Berchielli, T. T., Saliba, E. O. S., … Azevedo, J. A. G. (2012). Métodos para análise de alimentos. Visconde do Rio Branco, MG: Suprema.
Detmann, E., Valente, É. E. L., Batista, E. D., & Huhtanen, P. (2014). An evaluation of the performance and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in cattle fed tropical grass pastures with supplementation. Livestock Science, 162, 141-153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.029
El-Memari Neto, A. C., Zeoula, L. M., Cecato, U., Prado, I. N., Caldas Neto, S. F., Kazama, R., & Oliveira, F. C. L. (2003). Suplementação de novilhos nelore em pastejo de Brachiaria brizantha com diferentes níveis e fontes de concentrado. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 32(6 suppl. 2), 1945-1955. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982003000800019
Hall, M. B. (2003). Challenges with nonfiber carbohydrate methods. Journal of Animal Science, 81(12), 3226-3232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.81123226x
Haydock, K. P., & Shaw, N. H. (1975). The comparative yield method for estimating dry matter yield of pasture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 15(76), 663-670. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/EA9750663
Hobson, P. N., & Stewart, C. S. (2012). The Rumen microbial ecosystem (2nd ed.). London, GB: Blackie Academic & Professional.
Kammes, K. L., & Allen, M. S. (2012). Rates of particle size reduction and passage are faster for legume compared with cool-season grass, resulting in lower rumen fill and less effective fiber. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(6), 3288-3297. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5022
Maeda, E. M., Zeoula, L. M., Jobim, C. C., Cecato, U., Rigolon, L. P., Kazama, R., … Carvalho, A. F. G. (2012). Intake, digestibility, rumen characteristics and microbial protein synthesis efficiency in bovine and bubaline fed sugar cane silage with additives. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(3), 707-716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000300034
Mendes, F. B. L., Silva, R. R., Carvalho, G. G. P., Silva, F. F., Lins, T. O. J. D’A., Silva, A. L. N., … Guimarães, J. O. (2015). Ingestive behavior of grazing steers fed increasing levels of concentrate supplementation with different crude protein contents. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 47(2), 423-428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0741-z
Moreira, F. B., Prado, I. N., Cecato, U., Wada, F. Y., & Mizubuti, I. Y. (2004a). Forage evaluation, chemical composition, and in vitro digestibility of continuously grazed star grass. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 113(1-4), 239-249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2003.08.009
Moreira, F. B., Prado, I. N., Cecato, U., Zeoula, L. M., Wada, F. Y., & Torii, M. S. (2004b). Níveis de suplementação com sal mineral proteinado para novilhos Nelore terminados em pastagem no período de baixa produção forrageira. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 33(6 suppl 1), 1814-1821. DOI https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982004000700020
National Research Council [NRC]. (2000). Nutrient requirements of beef cattle (7th ed., rev.). The National Academies Press.
Neves, D. S. B., Silva, R. R., Silva, F. F., Santos, L. V., Abreu Filho, G., Souza, S. O., … Carvalho, V. M. (2018). Increasing levels of supplementation for crossbred steers on pasture during the dry period of the year. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 50, 1411-1416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1574-y
Porto, M. O., Paulino, M. F., Detmann, E., Valadares Filho, S. C., Sales, M. F. L., Cavali, J., … Acedo, T. S. (2011). Ofertas de suplementos múltiplos para tourinhos Nelore na fase de recria em pastagens durante o período da seca: desempenho produtivo e características nutricionais. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(11), 2548-2557. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011001100037
Rocha, W. J. B., Silva, R. R., Silva, F. F., Carvalho, G. G. P., Silva, A. P. G., Silva, J. W. D., … Santos, L. V. (2019). Intake, digestibility, and growth performance of Girolando bulls supplemented on pasture in Bahia, Brazil. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51, 1413-1420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01824-2
Sampaio, C. B., Detmann, E., Paulino, M. F., Valadares Filho, S. C., Souza, M. A., Lazzarini, I., … Queiroz, A. C. (2010). Intake and digestibility in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage and supplemented with nitrogenous compounds. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42(7), 1471-1479. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9581-7
Statistical Analysis System [SAS]. (2004). SAS/STAT user’s guide, version 9.1.2. Caru, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Silva, R. R., Prado, I. N., Carvalho, G. G. P., Silva, F. F., Santana Junior, H. A., Souza, D. R., … Paixão, M. L. (2010). Novilhos nelore suplementados em pastagens: consumo, desempenho e digestibilidade. Archivos de Zootecnia, 59(228), 549-560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21071/az.v59i228.4710
Silva, R. R., Prado, I. N., Silva, F. F., Zeoula, L. M., Santana Júnior, H. A., Carvalho, G. G. P., … Paixão, M. L. (2009). Impactos do manejo do uso do óxido crômico sobre o desempenho de bovinos Nelore suplementados em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 10(4), 893-906.
Silva, R. R., Silva, F. F., Prado, I. N., Carvalho, G. G. P., Franco, I. L., Almeida, V. S., … Ribeiro, M. H. S. (2006). Comportamento ingestivo de bovinos. Aspectos metodológicos. Archivos de Zootecnia, 55(211), 293-296.
Smith, A. M., & Reid, J. T. (1955). Use of chromic oxide as an indicator of fecal output for the purpose of determining the intake of pasture herbage by grazing cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 38(5), 515-524.
Sniffen, C. J., O’Connor, J. D., Van Soest, P. J., Fox, D. G., & Russell, J. B. (1992). A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, 70(11), 3562-3577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.70113562x
Souza, S. O., Silva, R. R., Silva, F. F., Carvalho, G. G. P., Silva, A. P. G., Silva, J. W. D., & Santos, L. V. (2019). Ingestive behaviour of steers grazing Brachiaria brizantha cultivar Marandu and in feedlot in Brazil. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51, 2161-2166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01912-3
Valadares Filho, S. C., Moraes, E. H. B. K., Detmann, E., Paulino, M. F., Valadares, R. F. D., Moraes, K. A. K., & Marcondes, M. I. (2006). Perspectivas do uso de indicadores para estimar o consumo individual de bovinos alimentados em grupo. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 35(suppl.), 291-322.
Van Soest, P. J. (1994). Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. New York, NY: Cornell University Press.
Weiss, N., Pietrzik, K., Biesalski, H. K., Grunert, A., & Kleinsorge, H. (1999). Expert discussion on the role of folic acid in hyperhomocysteinemia and atherosclerosis. Expertengesprach: Stellenwert Der Folsaure Bei Hyperhomocyst(e)Inamie Und Atherosklerose, 28(3), X-XIV.
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY AND COPYRIGHTS
- I Declare that current article is original and has not been submitted for publication, in part or in whole, to any other national or international journal.
The copyrights belong exclusively to the authors. Published content is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) guidelines, which allows sharing (copy and distribution of the material in any medium or format) and adaptation (remix, transform, and build upon the material) for any purpose, even commercially, under the terms of attribution.
Read this link for further information on how to use CC BY 4.0 properly.
