Study of MHD flow of hybrid nanofluid (Graphene-Al2O3/PAO oil) with variable viscosity and thermal conductivity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5269/bspm.76874Resumen
The investigation explore about heat transfer of (Graphene-Al2O3/Poly-alpha-olefin oil) hybrid nanofluid with variable thermal conductivity and viscosity. The MHD hybrid nanofluid is considered into the unsteady radially stretching sheet. The present investigation explore the variation of external heat generation and internal friction on variable thermal conductivity(kshnf(T)) and viscosity(µshnf(T)) of hybrid nanofluid. By utilizing suitable transformation the governing PDE’s transform into nonlinear ODE’s. To solve nonlinear ODE’s in MATLAB, we utilize the bvp4c numerically technique. The variation of different non dimensional parameter on velocity, temperature and heat transfer rate are discussed through graphs, Also nusselt number and skin friction factor are discussed to measured heat transfer rate and friction, as shown in table. The velocity and temperature profiles are degrade, raising into variable viscosity and reverse trend noticed in velocity and temperature, when we rise into thermal conductivity parameter. The temperature profile diminish, acceleration into unsteadiness parameter and prandtl number. Heat transfer rate increased with raising into variable thermal conductivity and viscosity. Heat transfer enhancement increased with raising into volume fractions of nanoparticles.
Keywords: Variable viscosity, Stretching sheet, Variable thermal conductivity, MHD flow, Graphene-Al2O3/Poly-alpha-olefin oil mixture, heat transfer.
Referencias
1. Choi S. U. S. and Eastman J. A., Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles. Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, San Francisco, Calif, USA 66, 99-105, (1995). DOI: 10.1115/IMECE1995-0926
2. Bilal M., Sagheer M., Hussain S., Numerical study of magnetohydrodynamics and thermal radiation on williamson nanofluid flow over a stretching cylinder with variable thermal conductivity. Alex. Eng. J. 57(4), 3281-3289, (2018). doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.12.006 DOI: 10.1016/j.aej.2017.12.006
3. Aladdin N. A. L., Bachok N., Boundary layer flow and heat transfer of Al2O3 −TiO2/water hybrid nanofluid over a permeable moving plate. Symmetry 12, 1064, (2020). doi.org/10.3390/sym12071064 DOI: 10.3390/sym12071064
4. Gupta R., Gaur M., Dadheech P. K., Study of radiative MHD slip flow of williamson fluid over a melting stretching surface. Onl. Int. Interdis. Res. J. 11(6), 1-20, (2021). ISSN 2249 -9598.
5. Agrawal P., Dadheech P. K., Jat R. N., Nisar K. S., Bohra M., Purohit S. D., Magneto marangoni flow of γ-Al2O3 nanofluids with thermal radiation and heat source/sink effects over a stretching surface embedded in porous medium. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 23, 100802, (2021). doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2020.100802 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2020.100802
6. Jawad M., Khan Z., Bonyah E., Jan R., Analysis of hybrid nanofluid stagnation point flow over a stretching surface with melting heat transfer. Math. Probl. Eng. 2022(1), 9469164, (2022). doi.org/10.1155/2022/9469164 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9469164
7. Gupta R., Gaur M., Dadheech P. K., Agrawal P., Numerical study of marangoni convection flow of GO nanofluid with H2O-EG hybrid base fluid with non linear thermal radiation. J. Nanofluid 11(2), 245-250, (2022). doi.org/10.1166/jon.2022.1835 DOI: 10.1166/jon.2022.1835
8. Gupta R., Gaur M., Al-Mdallal Q., Purohit S. D. and Suthar D., Numerical study of the flow of two radiative nanofluids with marangoni convection embedded in porous medium. J. Nanomater. 580, 1-7, (2022). doi.org/10.1155/2022/7880488 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7880488
9. Agrawal P., Dadheech P. K., Jat R. N., Baleanu D., Purohit S. D., Radiative MHD hybrid-nanofluids flow over a permeable stretching surface with heat source/sink embedded in porous medium. Int. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow 31(8), 2818-2840, (2021). doi.org/10.1108/HFF-11-2020-0694 DOI: 10.1108/HFF-11-2020-0694
10. Iqbal A., Abbas T., A study on heat transfer enhancement of copper(Cu)-ethylene glycol based nanoparticle on radial stretching sheet. Alex. Eng. J. 71, 13-20, (2023). doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2023.03.025 DOI: 10.1016/j.aej.2023.03.025
11. Kumar D., Agrawal P., Dadheech P. K., Al-Mdallal Q., Numerical study of marangoni convective hybrid nanofluids flow over a permeable stretching surface. Internat. J. Thermofluids 23, 100750, (2024). doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2024.100750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijft.2024.100750
12. Madiwal S., Naduvinamani N. B., Heat and mass transformation of casson hybrid nanofluid(MoS2 + ZnO) based on engine oil over a stretched wall with chemical reaction and thermo-diffusion effect. Lubricants 12, 221, (2024). doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12060221 DOI: 10.3390/lubricants12060221
13. Dadheech P. K., Agrawal P., Sharma A., Nisar K. S. and Purohit S. D., Marangoni convection flow of γ–Al2O3 nanofluids past a porous stretching surface with thermal radiation effect in the presence of an inclined magnetic field. Heat Transfer 51(1), 534–550, (2022). doi.org/10.1002/htj.22318 DOI: 10.1002/htj.22318
14. Saleem S., Qasim M., Alderremy A., Noreen S., Heat transfer enhancement using different shapes of Cu nanoparticles in the flow of water based nanofluid. Phys. Scr. 95(5), 055209, (2020). doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ab4ffd DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ab4ffd
15. Kumar N., Jat R. N., Sinha S., Dadheech P. K., Agrawal P., Purohit S. D. and Nisar K. S., Radiation and slip effects on MHD point flow of nanofluid towards a stretching sheet with melting heat transfer. Heat Transfer 51(4), 3018-3034, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.22434 DOI: 10.1002/htj.22434
16. Ragavi M., Poornima T., Enhanced heat transfer analysis on Ag−Al2O3/water hybrid magneto-convective nanoflow. Discover Nano 19(1), 31, (2024). doi.org/10.1186/s11671-024-03975-0 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-03975-0
17. Dadheech P. K., Agrawal P., Sharma A., Dadheech A., Al-Mdallal Q., Purohit S. D., Entropy analysis for radiative inclined MHD slip flow with heat source in porous medium for two different fluids. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 28, 101491, (2021). doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101491 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.101491
18. Manjunatha S., Kuttan B. A., Jayanthi S., Chamkha A., Gireesha B. J., Heat transfer enhancement in the boundary layer flow of hybrid nanofluids due to variable viscosity and natural convection. Heliyon 5, e01469, (2019). doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01469 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01469
19. Famakinwa O. A., Koriko O. K., Adegbie K. S., Effects of viscous dissipation and thermal radiation on time dependent incompressible squeezing flow of CuO − Al2O3/water hybrid nanofluid between two parallel plates with variable viscosity. J. Comput. Math Data Sci. 5, 100062, (2022). doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmds.2022.100062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmds.2022.100062
20. Makinde O. D., Makinde A. E., Thermal analysis of a reactive variable viscosity TiO2-PAO nanolubricant in a microchannel poiseuille flow. Micromachines 14, 1164, (2023). doi.org/10.3390/mi14061164 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061164
21. Ferdows M., Jahan S., Tzirtzilakis E., Sun S., Magnetohydrodynamics hybrid nanofluid flow through moving thin needle considering variable viscosity and thermal conductivity. Adv. Mech. Eng. 15(11), 16878132231208272, (2023). doi.org/10.1177/16878132231208272 DOI: 10.1177/16878132231208272
22. Agrawal P., Dadheech P. K., Jat R. M., Baleanu D., and Purohit S. D., Exploration of casson fluid flow along exponential heat source in a thermally stratified porous media. Ther. Sci. 27(1), S29-S38, (2023). doi.org/10.2298/TSCI23S1029A DOI: 10.2298/TSCI23S1029A
23. Subadra N., Srinivas M. A., Purohit S. D., Sushila, Influence of slip of a Jeffrey fluid flow controlled by peristaltic transport with nanoparticles in an inclined tube. Sci. Tech. Asia 26(4), 198-208, (2021). doi.org/10.14456/scitechasia.2021.80
24. Havaleppanavar B. R., Mohiuddin S., Tuljappa A., Prasad M. K., & Meera D. S., The impact of variable viscosity and variable thermal conductivity on the mixed convective flow of casson nanofluid in a channel with chemical reaction. J. Adv. Res. Numer. Heat Transfer 26(1), 44–66, (2024). doi.org/10.37934/arnht.26.1.4466 DOI: 10.37934/arnht.26.1.4466
25. Khan S. U., Garayev M., Adnan, Ramesh K., El Meligy M., Abduvalieva D. & Khan M. I., Applications of variable thermal features for the bioconvective flow of Jeffrey nanofluids due to stretching surface with mass suction effects: Cattaneo-Christov model. Appl. Math. Mech. 46, 391–402, (2025). doi.org/10.1007/s10483-025-3213-8 DOI: 10.1007/s10483-025-3213-8
2. Bilal M., Sagheer M., Hussain S., Numerical study of magnetohydrodynamics and thermal radiation on williamson nanofluid flow over a stretching cylinder with variable thermal conductivity. Alex. Eng. J. 57(4), 3281-3289, (2018). doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.12.006 DOI: 10.1016/j.aej.2017.12.006
3. Aladdin N. A. L., Bachok N., Boundary layer flow and heat transfer of Al2O3 −TiO2/water hybrid nanofluid over a permeable moving plate. Symmetry 12, 1064, (2020). doi.org/10.3390/sym12071064 DOI: 10.3390/sym12071064
4. Gupta R., Gaur M., Dadheech P. K., Study of radiative MHD slip flow of williamson fluid over a melting stretching surface. Onl. Int. Interdis. Res. J. 11(6), 1-20, (2021). ISSN 2249 -9598.
5. Agrawal P., Dadheech P. K., Jat R. N., Nisar K. S., Bohra M., Purohit S. D., Magneto marangoni flow of γ-Al2O3 nanofluids with thermal radiation and heat source/sink effects over a stretching surface embedded in porous medium. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 23, 100802, (2021). doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2020.100802 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2020.100802
6. Jawad M., Khan Z., Bonyah E., Jan R., Analysis of hybrid nanofluid stagnation point flow over a stretching surface with melting heat transfer. Math. Probl. Eng. 2022(1), 9469164, (2022). doi.org/10.1155/2022/9469164 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9469164
7. Gupta R., Gaur M., Dadheech P. K., Agrawal P., Numerical study of marangoni convection flow of GO nanofluid with H2O-EG hybrid base fluid with non linear thermal radiation. J. Nanofluid 11(2), 245-250, (2022). doi.org/10.1166/jon.2022.1835 DOI: 10.1166/jon.2022.1835
8. Gupta R., Gaur M., Al-Mdallal Q., Purohit S. D. and Suthar D., Numerical study of the flow of two radiative nanofluids with marangoni convection embedded in porous medium. J. Nanomater. 580, 1-7, (2022). doi.org/10.1155/2022/7880488 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7880488
9. Agrawal P., Dadheech P. K., Jat R. N., Baleanu D., Purohit S. D., Radiative MHD hybrid-nanofluids flow over a permeable stretching surface with heat source/sink embedded in porous medium. Int. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow 31(8), 2818-2840, (2021). doi.org/10.1108/HFF-11-2020-0694 DOI: 10.1108/HFF-11-2020-0694
10. Iqbal A., Abbas T., A study on heat transfer enhancement of copper(Cu)-ethylene glycol based nanoparticle on radial stretching sheet. Alex. Eng. J. 71, 13-20, (2023). doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2023.03.025 DOI: 10.1016/j.aej.2023.03.025
11. Kumar D., Agrawal P., Dadheech P. K., Al-Mdallal Q., Numerical study of marangoni convective hybrid nanofluids flow over a permeable stretching surface. Internat. J. Thermofluids 23, 100750, (2024). doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2024.100750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijft.2024.100750
12. Madiwal S., Naduvinamani N. B., Heat and mass transformation of casson hybrid nanofluid(MoS2 + ZnO) based on engine oil over a stretched wall with chemical reaction and thermo-diffusion effect. Lubricants 12, 221, (2024). doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12060221 DOI: 10.3390/lubricants12060221
13. Dadheech P. K., Agrawal P., Sharma A., Nisar K. S. and Purohit S. D., Marangoni convection flow of γ–Al2O3 nanofluids past a porous stretching surface with thermal radiation effect in the presence of an inclined magnetic field. Heat Transfer 51(1), 534–550, (2022). doi.org/10.1002/htj.22318 DOI: 10.1002/htj.22318
14. Saleem S., Qasim M., Alderremy A., Noreen S., Heat transfer enhancement using different shapes of Cu nanoparticles in the flow of water based nanofluid. Phys. Scr. 95(5), 055209, (2020). doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ab4ffd DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ab4ffd
15. Kumar N., Jat R. N., Sinha S., Dadheech P. K., Agrawal P., Purohit S. D. and Nisar K. S., Radiation and slip effects on MHD point flow of nanofluid towards a stretching sheet with melting heat transfer. Heat Transfer 51(4), 3018-3034, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.22434 DOI: 10.1002/htj.22434
16. Ragavi M., Poornima T., Enhanced heat transfer analysis on Ag−Al2O3/water hybrid magneto-convective nanoflow. Discover Nano 19(1), 31, (2024). doi.org/10.1186/s11671-024-03975-0 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-03975-0
17. Dadheech P. K., Agrawal P., Sharma A., Dadheech A., Al-Mdallal Q., Purohit S. D., Entropy analysis for radiative inclined MHD slip flow with heat source in porous medium for two different fluids. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 28, 101491, (2021). doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101491 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.101491
18. Manjunatha S., Kuttan B. A., Jayanthi S., Chamkha A., Gireesha B. J., Heat transfer enhancement in the boundary layer flow of hybrid nanofluids due to variable viscosity and natural convection. Heliyon 5, e01469, (2019). doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01469 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01469
19. Famakinwa O. A., Koriko O. K., Adegbie K. S., Effects of viscous dissipation and thermal radiation on time dependent incompressible squeezing flow of CuO − Al2O3/water hybrid nanofluid between two parallel plates with variable viscosity. J. Comput. Math Data Sci. 5, 100062, (2022). doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmds.2022.100062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmds.2022.100062
20. Makinde O. D., Makinde A. E., Thermal analysis of a reactive variable viscosity TiO2-PAO nanolubricant in a microchannel poiseuille flow. Micromachines 14, 1164, (2023). doi.org/10.3390/mi14061164 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061164
21. Ferdows M., Jahan S., Tzirtzilakis E., Sun S., Magnetohydrodynamics hybrid nanofluid flow through moving thin needle considering variable viscosity and thermal conductivity. Adv. Mech. Eng. 15(11), 16878132231208272, (2023). doi.org/10.1177/16878132231208272 DOI: 10.1177/16878132231208272
22. Agrawal P., Dadheech P. K., Jat R. M., Baleanu D., and Purohit S. D., Exploration of casson fluid flow along exponential heat source in a thermally stratified porous media. Ther. Sci. 27(1), S29-S38, (2023). doi.org/10.2298/TSCI23S1029A DOI: 10.2298/TSCI23S1029A
23. Subadra N., Srinivas M. A., Purohit S. D., Sushila, Influence of slip of a Jeffrey fluid flow controlled by peristaltic transport with nanoparticles in an inclined tube. Sci. Tech. Asia 26(4), 198-208, (2021). doi.org/10.14456/scitechasia.2021.80
24. Havaleppanavar B. R., Mohiuddin S., Tuljappa A., Prasad M. K., & Meera D. S., The impact of variable viscosity and variable thermal conductivity on the mixed convective flow of casson nanofluid in a channel with chemical reaction. J. Adv. Res. Numer. Heat Transfer 26(1), 44–66, (2024). doi.org/10.37934/arnht.26.1.4466 DOI: 10.37934/arnht.26.1.4466
25. Khan S. U., Garayev M., Adnan, Ramesh K., El Meligy M., Abduvalieva D. & Khan M. I., Applications of variable thermal features for the bioconvective flow of Jeffrey nanofluids due to stretching surface with mass suction effects: Cattaneo-Christov model. Appl. Math. Mech. 46, 391–402, (2025). doi.org/10.1007/s10483-025-3213-8 DOI: 10.1007/s10483-025-3213-8
Descargas
Publicado
2025-09-18
Número
Sección
Research Articles
Licencia
When the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors agree automatically to transfer the copyright to the (SPM).
The journal utilize the Creative Common Attribution (CC-BY 4.0).
Cómo citar
Bharat Kumar, & Ravi Gupta. (2025). Study of MHD flow of hybrid nanofluid (Graphene-Al2O3/PAO oil) with variable viscosity and thermal conductivity. Boletim Da Sociedade Paranaense De Matemática, 43, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.5269/bspm.76874
