Variables Affecting Low Birth Weight and The Timely Vaccination in Child Health: A Comprehensive Survey
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5269/bspm.79984Resumen
Low birth weight (LBW) is an important issue for public health. It is a major public health
concern since it is directly associated with greater levels of newborn morbidity and mortality. In order to
ensure child survival and reduce the impacts of infectious diseases, vaccination is essential. However, LBW
infants, owing to their underdeveloped immune systems, may not respond effectively to vaccines or may have
lower vaccination coverage. To improve health outcomes, it is essential to understand the interaction between
birth weight, vaccination, and gestational duration, particularly in resource-limited regions such as Assam,
India.
The primary objective of this work is to review literature from the past two decades that provides insights
into child health scenarios. Such an overview will support researchers, policymakers, and healthcare providers
in designing better interventions to improve infant survival and overall health outcomes.
Referencias
M.K Akmatov & R. T. Mikolajczyk. ”Timeliness of childhood vaccinations in 31 low and middle-income countries.” J
Epidemiol Community Health 66, no. 7 (2012): e14-e14.
2. B. Banerjee, G. K. Pandey, D Dutt, B.Sengupta, M. Mondal, & S. Deb. ”Teenage pregnancy: a socially inflicted health
hazard.” Indian Journal of Community Medicine 34, no. 3 (2009): 227-231.
3. M. Borah, & R1 Agarwalla. ”Maternal and socio-demographic determinants of low birth weight (LBW): A communitybased
study in a rural block of Assam.” Journal of postgraduate medicine 62, no. 3 (2016): 178-181.
4. M.Borah & R. Baruah. ”Morbidity status of low birth weight babies in rural areas of Assam: A prospective longitudinal
study.” Journal of family medicine and primary care 4, no. 3 (2015): 380-383.
5. P. Bharati, M. Pal, M. Bandyopadhyay, A. Bhakta, & S. Chakraborty. ”Prevalence and causes of low birth weight in
India.” Malaysian journal of nutrition 17, no.3 (2011).
6. A. Chandran, ”To assess the maternal factors influencing low birth weight among newborns.” International Journal
of Pediatric Nursing 3, no. 2 (2017): 17-20.
7. P. Das, S. Firdaush, and S.D. Sarkar. ”Status of child health in India: a state level analysis.” (2017).
8. H. Dejene, D. Girma, L. A. Geleta & E. Legesse. ”Vaccination timeliness and associated factors among children aged
12–23 months in Debre Libanos district of North Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.” Frontiers in Pediatrics
10 (2022): 867846.
9. A. Endalamaw, E. H. Engeda, D.T. Ekubagewargies, G. M. Belay & M.A. Tefera. ”Low birth weight and its associated
factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Italian journal of pediatrics 44, no. 1 (2018): 141.
10. Y. Gebregzabiherher, A. Haftu, S. Weldemariam, & H. Gebrehiwet. ”The prevalence and risk factors for low birth
weight among term newborns in Adwa General Hospital, Northern Ethiopia.” Obstetrics and gynecology international
2017, no. 1 (2017): 2149156.
11. M. Gebremedhin, F.Ambaw, E. Admassu & H. Berhane. ”Maternal associated factors of low birth weight: a hospital
based cross-sectional mixed study in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.” BMC pregnancy and childbirth 15, no. 1 (2015): 222.
12. N. Gogoi, ”Maternal and neonatal risk factors of low birth weight in Guwahati Metro, Assam, Northeast India.” Acad
J Ped Neonatol 6, no. 5 (2018): 555754.
13. E.S.Herwanto, P. S. Hudiyanto,& I. Muhammad. ”Factors of Maternal Influence on Low Birth Weight.” Asian Journal
of Health Research 3, no. 1 (2024): 5-10.
14. M.R.Hossain, S. Begum, M. Neyma, K. Hossain, M. O. Faruk, S. Hossain & H. Afnan. ”Parental Socioeconomic,
Demographic, and Neonatal Factors Influencing Infants’ Low Birth Weight: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh.”
Health Science Reports 8, no.9 (2025): e71146.
15. S.Jackson, K H. Mathews, D. Pulani´c, R. Falconer, I. Rudan, H.Campbell, & H. Nair. ”Risk factors for severe acute
lower respiratory infections in children–a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Croatian medical journal 54, no. 2
(2013): 110-121.
16. M. Kader & N.KP Perera . ”Socio-economic and nutritional determinants of low birth weight in India.” North American
journal of medical sciences 6, no. 7 (2014): 302.
Variables Affecting Low Birth Weight and The Timely Vaccination in Child Health: A Comprehensive Survey9
17. E.Karim, & C. G. N. Mascie-Taylor. ”The association between birthweight, sociodemographic variables and maternal
anthropometry in an urban sample from Dhaka, Bangladesh.” Annals of human biology 24, no.5 (1997): 387-401.
18. S.Kayastha & H. Tuladhar. ”Study of low birth weight babies in Nepal Medical College.” Nepal Med Coll J 9, no. 4
(2007): 266-9.
19. K. Keja, C. Chan, G. Hayden & R. H. Henderson. ”Expanded programme on immunization.” World health statistics
quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales 41, no. 2 (1988): 59-63.
20. V. Khanal, Y. Zhao & K. Sauer. ”Role of antenatal care and iron supplementation during pregnancy in preventing low
birth weight in Nepal: comparison of national surveys 2006 and 2011.” Archives of Public Health 72, no. 1 (2014): 4.
21. S. Khatun & M. Rahman. ”Socio-economic determinants of low birth weight in Bangladesh: a multivariate approach.”
Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 34, no. 3 (2008): 81-86.
22. A. R.Mahmood, G M S. Haque, T. Parvin, S. R. Karim, K. Osman, and S. K. Ferdousi. ”Birth Weight Status of the
New Born Babies Born at Dhaka Medical College Hospital.”TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association 17, no. 2 (2004):
95-98.
23. N.B. Masters, B. M. Goodwin Cartwright, P. J. Rodriguez, K. M. Gilbert, D. Do, & N. L. Stucky. ”Predictors of
Delayed or Absent Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination in the US, 2018–2025.” medRxiv (2025): 2025-06.
24. N.B Masters, A. L.Wagner, and M. L. Boulton. ”Vaccination timeliness and delay in low-and middle-income countries:
a systematic review of the literature, 2007-2017.” Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics 15, no. 12 (2019): 2790-2805.
25. S.J.Matthews Mathai, & N. G. Karthikeyan. ”Birthweight standards for south Indian babies.”Indian Pediatr 33 (1996):
203.
26. T. Mehare & Y. Sharew. ”Prevalence and associated factors of low birth weight among term newborns in Dilla Town,
Southern Ethiopia.” International Journal of Pediatrics 2020, no. 1 (2020): 8394578.
27. C.S. Metgud, Factors Affecting Birth Weight of a Newborn–A Community Based Study.” PhD diss., KLE University,
Belagavi, Karnataka, 2011.
28. C.S.Metgud, Vijaya A. Naik, and Maheshwar D. Mallapur. ”Factors affecting birth weight of a newborn–a community
based study in rural Karnataka, India.” PloS one 7, no. 7 (2012): e40040.
29. P. Muhoza, M. P. Shah, K. Amponsa-Achiano, H. Gao, P. Quaye, W. Opare, C. Okae et al. ”Timeliness of Childhood
Vaccinations Following Strengthening of the Second Year of Life (2YL) Immunization Platform and Introduction of
Catch-Up Vaccination Policy in Ghana.” Vaccines 12, no. 7 (2024): 716.
30. S.S. Mumbare, G. Maindarkar, R. Darade, S. Yenge, M. K. Tolani, & K. Patole. ”Maternal risk factors associated with
term low birth weight neonates: a matched-pair case control study.” Indian pediatrics 49, no. 1 (2012): 25-28.
31. N. Nahar, S. Afroza & M. J. B. M. R. C. B. Hossain ”Incidence of low birth weight in three selected communities of
Bangladesh.” Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 24, no. 2 (1998): 49-54.
32. K.S.Negi, S. D. Kandpal, and M. Kukreti. ”Epidemiological factors affecting low birth weight.” JK science 8, no. 1
(2006): 31-34.
33. R.D.Potdar, S. A. Sahariah, M. Gandhi, S.H. Kehoe, N. Brown, H.Sane, M. Dayama et al. ”Improving women’s diet
quality preconceptionally and during gestation: effects on birth weight and prevalence of low birth weight—a randomized
controlled efficacy trial in India (Mumbai Maternal Nutrition Project).” The American journal of clinical nutrition 100,
no. 5 (2014): 1257-1268.
34. D.Sharma, K. Kuppusamy, and A. Bhoorasamy. ”Prevalence of acute respiratory infections (ari) and their determinants
in under five children in urban and rural areas of Kancheepuram district, South India.” Annals of Tropical Medicine
& Public Health 6, no. 5 (2013).
35. S.Som Jr, M. Pal, D. K. Adak, A. K. Gharami, S. Bharati, & P. Bharati. ”Effect of socio-economic and biological
variables on birth weight in Madhya Pradesh.” Malaysian Journal of Nutrition 10, no. 2 (2004): 159-171.
36. M.L.Taywade, & P. M. Pisudde. ”Study of sociodemographic determinants of low birth weight in Wardha district,
India.” Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 5, no. 1 (2017): 14-20.
37. Unicef. Annual report 2003. Unicef, 2007.
38. S.Walton, M. Cortina-Borja, C. Dezateux, L. J. Griffiths, K. Tingay, A. Akbari, A. Bandyopadhyay, R. A. Lyons& H.
Bedford. ”Measuring the timeliness of childhood vaccinations: Using cohort data and routine health records to evaluate
quality of immunisation services.”Vaccine 35, no. 51 (2017): 7166-7173.
39. A.D.Wubetu, Y. E. Amare, A. B. Haile & M. W.Degu. ”Newborn birth weight and associated factors among motherneonate
pairs in public hospitals, North Wollo, Ethiopia.” Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics (2021): 111-118.
Epidemiol Community Health 66, no. 7 (2012): e14-e14.
2. B. Banerjee, G. K. Pandey, D Dutt, B.Sengupta, M. Mondal, & S. Deb. ”Teenage pregnancy: a socially inflicted health
hazard.” Indian Journal of Community Medicine 34, no. 3 (2009): 227-231.
3. M. Borah, & R1 Agarwalla. ”Maternal and socio-demographic determinants of low birth weight (LBW): A communitybased
study in a rural block of Assam.” Journal of postgraduate medicine 62, no. 3 (2016): 178-181.
4. M.Borah & R. Baruah. ”Morbidity status of low birth weight babies in rural areas of Assam: A prospective longitudinal
study.” Journal of family medicine and primary care 4, no. 3 (2015): 380-383.
5. P. Bharati, M. Pal, M. Bandyopadhyay, A. Bhakta, & S. Chakraborty. ”Prevalence and causes of low birth weight in
India.” Malaysian journal of nutrition 17, no.3 (2011).
6. A. Chandran, ”To assess the maternal factors influencing low birth weight among newborns.” International Journal
of Pediatric Nursing 3, no. 2 (2017): 17-20.
7. P. Das, S. Firdaush, and S.D. Sarkar. ”Status of child health in India: a state level analysis.” (2017).
8. H. Dejene, D. Girma, L. A. Geleta & E. Legesse. ”Vaccination timeliness and associated factors among children aged
12–23 months in Debre Libanos district of North Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.” Frontiers in Pediatrics
10 (2022): 867846.
9. A. Endalamaw, E. H. Engeda, D.T. Ekubagewargies, G. M. Belay & M.A. Tefera. ”Low birth weight and its associated
factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Italian journal of pediatrics 44, no. 1 (2018): 141.
10. Y. Gebregzabiherher, A. Haftu, S. Weldemariam, & H. Gebrehiwet. ”The prevalence and risk factors for low birth
weight among term newborns in Adwa General Hospital, Northern Ethiopia.” Obstetrics and gynecology international
2017, no. 1 (2017): 2149156.
11. M. Gebremedhin, F.Ambaw, E. Admassu & H. Berhane. ”Maternal associated factors of low birth weight: a hospital
based cross-sectional mixed study in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.” BMC pregnancy and childbirth 15, no. 1 (2015): 222.
12. N. Gogoi, ”Maternal and neonatal risk factors of low birth weight in Guwahati Metro, Assam, Northeast India.” Acad
J Ped Neonatol 6, no. 5 (2018): 555754.
13. E.S.Herwanto, P. S. Hudiyanto,& I. Muhammad. ”Factors of Maternal Influence on Low Birth Weight.” Asian Journal
of Health Research 3, no. 1 (2024): 5-10.
14. M.R.Hossain, S. Begum, M. Neyma, K. Hossain, M. O. Faruk, S. Hossain & H. Afnan. ”Parental Socioeconomic,
Demographic, and Neonatal Factors Influencing Infants’ Low Birth Weight: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh.”
Health Science Reports 8, no.9 (2025): e71146.
15. S.Jackson, K H. Mathews, D. Pulani´c, R. Falconer, I. Rudan, H.Campbell, & H. Nair. ”Risk factors for severe acute
lower respiratory infections in children–a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Croatian medical journal 54, no. 2
(2013): 110-121.
16. M. Kader & N.KP Perera . ”Socio-economic and nutritional determinants of low birth weight in India.” North American
journal of medical sciences 6, no. 7 (2014): 302.
Variables Affecting Low Birth Weight and The Timely Vaccination in Child Health: A Comprehensive Survey9
17. E.Karim, & C. G. N. Mascie-Taylor. ”The association between birthweight, sociodemographic variables and maternal
anthropometry in an urban sample from Dhaka, Bangladesh.” Annals of human biology 24, no.5 (1997): 387-401.
18. S.Kayastha & H. Tuladhar. ”Study of low birth weight babies in Nepal Medical College.” Nepal Med Coll J 9, no. 4
(2007): 266-9.
19. K. Keja, C. Chan, G. Hayden & R. H. Henderson. ”Expanded programme on immunization.” World health statistics
quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales 41, no. 2 (1988): 59-63.
20. V. Khanal, Y. Zhao & K. Sauer. ”Role of antenatal care and iron supplementation during pregnancy in preventing low
birth weight in Nepal: comparison of national surveys 2006 and 2011.” Archives of Public Health 72, no. 1 (2014): 4.
21. S. Khatun & M. Rahman. ”Socio-economic determinants of low birth weight in Bangladesh: a multivariate approach.”
Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 34, no. 3 (2008): 81-86.
22. A. R.Mahmood, G M S. Haque, T. Parvin, S. R. Karim, K. Osman, and S. K. Ferdousi. ”Birth Weight Status of the
New Born Babies Born at Dhaka Medical College Hospital.”TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association 17, no. 2 (2004):
95-98.
23. N.B. Masters, B. M. Goodwin Cartwright, P. J. Rodriguez, K. M. Gilbert, D. Do, & N. L. Stucky. ”Predictors of
Delayed or Absent Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination in the US, 2018–2025.” medRxiv (2025): 2025-06.
24. N.B Masters, A. L.Wagner, and M. L. Boulton. ”Vaccination timeliness and delay in low-and middle-income countries:
a systematic review of the literature, 2007-2017.” Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics 15, no. 12 (2019): 2790-2805.
25. S.J.Matthews Mathai, & N. G. Karthikeyan. ”Birthweight standards for south Indian babies.”Indian Pediatr 33 (1996):
203.
26. T. Mehare & Y. Sharew. ”Prevalence and associated factors of low birth weight among term newborns in Dilla Town,
Southern Ethiopia.” International Journal of Pediatrics 2020, no. 1 (2020): 8394578.
27. C.S. Metgud, Factors Affecting Birth Weight of a Newborn–A Community Based Study.” PhD diss., KLE University,
Belagavi, Karnataka, 2011.
28. C.S.Metgud, Vijaya A. Naik, and Maheshwar D. Mallapur. ”Factors affecting birth weight of a newborn–a community
based study in rural Karnataka, India.” PloS one 7, no. 7 (2012): e40040.
29. P. Muhoza, M. P. Shah, K. Amponsa-Achiano, H. Gao, P. Quaye, W. Opare, C. Okae et al. ”Timeliness of Childhood
Vaccinations Following Strengthening of the Second Year of Life (2YL) Immunization Platform and Introduction of
Catch-Up Vaccination Policy in Ghana.” Vaccines 12, no. 7 (2024): 716.
30. S.S. Mumbare, G. Maindarkar, R. Darade, S. Yenge, M. K. Tolani, & K. Patole. ”Maternal risk factors associated with
term low birth weight neonates: a matched-pair case control study.” Indian pediatrics 49, no. 1 (2012): 25-28.
31. N. Nahar, S. Afroza & M. J. B. M. R. C. B. Hossain ”Incidence of low birth weight in three selected communities of
Bangladesh.” Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 24, no. 2 (1998): 49-54.
32. K.S.Negi, S. D. Kandpal, and M. Kukreti. ”Epidemiological factors affecting low birth weight.” JK science 8, no. 1
(2006): 31-34.
33. R.D.Potdar, S. A. Sahariah, M. Gandhi, S.H. Kehoe, N. Brown, H.Sane, M. Dayama et al. ”Improving women’s diet
quality preconceptionally and during gestation: effects on birth weight and prevalence of low birth weight—a randomized
controlled efficacy trial in India (Mumbai Maternal Nutrition Project).” The American journal of clinical nutrition 100,
no. 5 (2014): 1257-1268.
34. D.Sharma, K. Kuppusamy, and A. Bhoorasamy. ”Prevalence of acute respiratory infections (ari) and their determinants
in under five children in urban and rural areas of Kancheepuram district, South India.” Annals of Tropical Medicine
& Public Health 6, no. 5 (2013).
35. S.Som Jr, M. Pal, D. K. Adak, A. K. Gharami, S. Bharati, & P. Bharati. ”Effect of socio-economic and biological
variables on birth weight in Madhya Pradesh.” Malaysian Journal of Nutrition 10, no. 2 (2004): 159-171.
36. M.L.Taywade, & P. M. Pisudde. ”Study of sociodemographic determinants of low birth weight in Wardha district,
India.” Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 5, no. 1 (2017): 14-20.
37. Unicef. Annual report 2003. Unicef, 2007.
38. S.Walton, M. Cortina-Borja, C. Dezateux, L. J. Griffiths, K. Tingay, A. Akbari, A. Bandyopadhyay, R. A. Lyons& H.
Bedford. ”Measuring the timeliness of childhood vaccinations: Using cohort data and routine health records to evaluate
quality of immunisation services.”Vaccine 35, no. 51 (2017): 7166-7173.
39. A.D.Wubetu, Y. E. Amare, A. B. Haile & M. W.Degu. ”Newborn birth weight and associated factors among motherneonate
pairs in public hospitals, North Wollo, Ethiopia.” Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics (2021): 111-118.
Descargas
Publicado
2026-06-12
Número
Sección
Research Articles
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Boletim da Sociedade Paranaense de Matemática
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
When the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors agree automatically to transfer the copyright to the (SPM).
The journal utilize the Creative Common Attribution (CC-BY 4.0).
Cómo citar
Sewali Hazarika, S. H., Manoshi Kotoky, M. K., & Tousifur Rahman, T. R. (2026). Variables Affecting Low Birth Weight and The Timely Vaccination in Child Health: A Comprehensive Survey. Boletim Da Sociedade Paranaense De Matemática, 44(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5269/bspm.79984
