A Permissioned Blockchain NFT Framework for Secure Pharmaceutical Asset Ownership and Trading

Permissioned TokenPharma

Résumé

Pharmaceutical trading requires a robust system to verify asset authenticity, prevent counterfeiting, and ensure transparent ownership transfer. However, public blockchains face significant challenges, including high latency, unpredictable finality, high transaction gas cost, and the absence of regulatory governance. To address these challenges Hyperledger Besu-enabled Permissioned-TokenPharma (P-TokenPharma) framework was implemented, leveraging the IBFT 2.0 Byzantine Fault Tolerance consensus mechanism. It preserves the fundamental NFT-enabled asset ownership logic and supports peer-to-peer pharmaceutical trading. In addition, it offers regulated node membership, deterministic transaction finality, and governance control enabled by compliance. This system integrates ERC-721 smart contracts, supporting on-chain ownership and metadata stored off-chain via Inter Planetary File System (IPFS). The proposed system significantly improves throughput by 2.1x, reduces transaction latency by up to 45%, and improves efficiency by eliminating gas consumption compared to classical blockchain models. In addition, Ethash consumes 39.23% (1.65x) more memory than Besu-IBFT, and under the same workloads, sustains 1.55x higher CPU overhead than Besu.