Na artesania de mundos: a potência de agir de mulheres técnicas na maquinaria política de cidades da Síria e da Mesopotâmia
Abstract
Esse ensaio científico tem por objetivo investigar, com evidência conjuntural, a vida diária de mulheres, considerando as fundações estruturais e as atividades técnicas. A abordagem comparativa e histórica se justifica pela natureza das fontes materiais. Com isso, pretende-se estabelecer uma abordagem historiográfica que evidencie as transformações operadas por mulheres em entidades políticas no Levante entre a Idade do Bronze Intermediário e o início da Idade do Ferro. As fontes poderão demonstrar que as transformações em sociedades onde se deu o protagonismo feminino nas atividades econômicas essenciais os poderes patriarcais, bem como as realezas, tiveram suas políticas orientadas em sentido heterárquico, implementadas através de procedimentos interseccionais.
Downloads
Literaturhinweise
ABRAHAMI, Philippe; LION, Brigitte. Textiles and gender during the Middle Babylonian Period (c. 1500–1000 BCE): texts from Syria and Babylonia. In: HARLOW, Mary; MICHEL, Cécile; QUILLIEN, Louise (eds.). Textiles and gender in Antiquity: from the Orient to the Mediterranean. London: Bloomsbury, 2021, p. 13-30.
ACKERMAN, Susan. Women and the religion of ancient Israel. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022.
ALBENDA, Pauline. The “Queen of the Night” plaque – a revisit. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Ann Arbor, v. 125, n. 2, p. 171-190, 2005.
ARCHI, Alfonso. State production and market at Ebla – animal and wool values. Asia Anteriore Antica, Firenze, v. 5, p. 23-40, 2023.
ARUZ, Joan; SEYMOUR, Michael (eds.). Assyria to Iberia: art and culture in the Iron Age. New York; New Haven: Metropolitan Museum of Art; Yale University Press, 2016.
AUBET, María Eugenia. Comercio y colonialismo en el Próximo Oriente antiguo: los antecedentes coloniales del III y II milenios a.C. Barcelona: Bellaterra, 2007.
BARJAMOVIC, Gojko; JURADO GONZALEZ, Patricia; GRAHAM, Chelsea A.; LASSEN, Agnete W.; NASRALLAH, Nawal; SÖRENSEN, Pia M. Food in ancient Mesopotamia: cooking the Yale Babylonian culinary recipes. In: LASSEN, Agnete W.; FRAHM, Eckart; WAGENSONNER, Klaus (eds.). Ancient Mesopotamia speaks: highlights from the Yale Babylonian Collection. New Haven: Yale Peabody Museum, 2019, p. 108-125. [BARJAMOVIC et al.]
BARJAMOVIC, Gojko; YOFFEE, Norman. Working at home, traveling abroad: old Assyrian trade and archaeological theory. In: MAS, Juliette; NOTIZIA, Palmiro (eds.). Working at Home in the Ancient Near East. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2020, p. 107-116.
BIGA, Maria Giovanna. The role of women in work and society in the Ebla kingdom (Syria, 24th century BC). In: LION, Brigitte; MICHEL, Cécile (eds.). The role of women in work and society in the ancient Near East. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2016, p. 71-89.
BLOCH-SMITH, Elizabeth. Acculturating gender roles: goddess images as conveyors of culture in ancient Israel. In: HULSTER, Izaak J. de; LeMON, Joel M. (eds.). Image, text, exegesis: iconographic interpretation and the Hebrew Bible. London: Bloomsbury, 2016, p. 1-18.
BUDIN, Stephanie Lynn. Qedešet: a Syro-Anatolian goddess in Egypt. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, Tucson, v. 74, n. 4, p. 1-20, 2015.
BUDIN, Stephanie Lynn. Gender in the ancient Near East. London: Routledge, 2023.
BUDIN, Stephanie Lynn; TURFA, Jean MacIntosh (eds.). Women in antiquity: real women across the ancient world. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 2021 [2016].
BURKE, Aaron A. The Amorites and the Bronze Age Near East: the making of a regional identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.
BURTON, Marilyn E. Robed in majesty: clothing as a metaphor for the Classical Hebrew semantic domain of כבוד. In: BERNER, Christoph et al. (eds.). Clothing and nudity in the Hebrew Bible. New York: T & T Clark, 2019, p. 289-300.
CAUBET, Annie. Of banquets, horses, and women in Late Bronze Age Ugarit. In: ARUZ, Joan; GRAFF, Sarah B.; RAKIC, Yelena (eds.). Cultures in contact: from Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the second millennium B.C. New York; New Haven: Metropolitan Museum of Art; Yale University Press, 2013, p. 226-237.
CLASTRES, Pierre. A sociedade contra o Estado. In: A sociedade contra o Estado: pesquisas de antropologia política. Trad. T. Santiago. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2015 [1974], p. 201-231.
DAVIAU, P.M. Michèle. Cultural multiplicity in northern Moʼāb: figurines and statues from Khirbat al-Mudaynah on the Wādī ath-Thamad. In: BALAAWI, Fadi; CREASMAN, Pearce Paul (eds.). Culture in crisis: flows of peoples, artifacts, and ideas. Firenze: Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Studi Antichi, 2022, p. 251-265.
DI BENNARDIS, Cristina. La centralización del poder político y el estado en las sociedades antiguo-orientales: reflexiones sobre teorías e interpretaciones. In: DI BENNARDIS, Cristina; RAVENNA, Eleonora; MILEVSKI, Ianir (eds.). Diversidad de formaciones políticas en Mesopotamia y el Cercano Oriente: organización interna y relaciones interregionales en la Edad de Bronce. Barcelona: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona, 2013, p. 15-40.
EBELING, Jennie. Women’s daily life in Bronze Age Canaan. In: BUDIN, Stephanie Lynn; TURFA, Jean MacIntosh (eds.). Women in antiquity: real women across the ancient world. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 2021 [2016], p. 465-475.
EBELING, Jennie. Making space: women and ovens in the Iron Age southern Levant. In: EBELING, Jennie; MAZOW, Laura (eds.). In pursuit of visibility. Essays in archaeology, ethnography, and text in honor of Beth Alpert Nakhai. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2022, p. 92-102.
FATTORI, Anita. Tecendo a trama social: mulheres e redes comerciais no período paleoassírio. Volume I: Texto. Tese (História Social), 2025. São Paulo; Paris: Universidade de São Paulo; Université Paris 1-Panthéon Sorbonne, 2025.
FINLAYSON, Bill. Introduction to the Levant during the Neolithic period. In: STEINER, Margreet L.; KILLEBREW, Ann E. (eds.). The Oxford handbook of the archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000–332 BCE. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 123-133.
FRANCISCO, Edson de Faria. Léxico do Antigo Testamento interlinear hebraico-português. Vol. 5. Barueri, SP: Sociedade Bíblica do Brasil, 2024.
FRAYNE, Douglas R.; STUCKEY, Johanna H. A handbook of gods and goddesses of the ancient Near East: three thousand deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria, and Elam. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2021.
GADOTTI, Alhena. Mesopotamian women’s cultic roles in late 3rd–early 2nd millennia BCE. In: BUDIN, Stephanie Lynn; TURFA, Jean MacIntosh (eds.). Women in antiquity: real women across the ancient world. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 2021 [2016], p. 64-76.
GANSELL, Amy Rebecca. Women’s lives in the ancient Near East and facets of ancient Near Eastern womanhood. In: LASSEN, Agnete W.; WAGENSONNER, Klaus (eds.). Women at the dawn of history. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020, p. 14-23.
GARCÍA BACHMANN, Mercedes L. The various roles of women in the Historical Books. In: KELLE, Brad E.; STRAWN, Brent A. (eds.). The Oxford handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020, p. 214-227.
GELB, Ignace J. et al. (eds.). The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Vol. 2. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1965 [1998]. [CAD 2]
GELB, Ignace J. et al. (eds.). The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Vol. 4. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958 [2004]. [CAD 4]
GRASLIN-THOMÉ, Lætitia. Les échanges à longue distance. In: BORDREUIL, Pierre; BRIQUEL-CHATONNET, Françoise; MICHEL, Cécile (éds.). Les débuts de l’Histoire: civilisations et cultures du Proche-Orient ancien. Nouvelle éd. revue et augmentée. Paris: Kheops, 2014, p. 212-218.
GREENBERG, Raphael. The archaeology of the Bronze Age Levant: from urban origins to the demise of city-states, 3700–1000 BCE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
HALLO, William W.; van DIJK, Johannes J. Adrianus. The exaltation of Inanna. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.
HERNANDO, Almudena. Sobre identidad/alteridad y el estudio del pasado: una introducción. ArkeoGazte: Arkeologia Aldizkaria, Leioa, n. 6, p. 29-36, 2016.
IMHAUSEN, Annette. Sciences and normative orders: perspectives from the earliest sciences and their histories. Normative Orders Working Paper, Frankfurt am Main, v. 1, p. 1-27, 2021.
KERTAI, David. The guardians at the doors: entering the Southwest Palace in Nineveh. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Chicago, v. 74, n. 2, p. 325-349, 2015.
LASSEN, Agnete W.; WAGENSONNER, Klaus (eds.). Women at the dawn of history. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020.
LEWIS, Theodore J. The origin and character of god: ancient Israelite religion through the lens of divinity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
LION, Brigitte; MICHEL, Cécile. Les métiers féminins dans les palais et grands domaines de Syrie et Haut-Mésopotamie au début du IIe millénaire av. J.-C. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Chicago, v. 74, n. 1, p. 17-33, 2022.
MAILLARD, Pauline. Kition-Bamboula IX. Les cultes des Saline à Kition: étude des terres cuite d’époque classique. Lion: Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée Éditions, 2023.
MATUSZAK, Jana. Enheduana. In: GRIG, Lucy (ed.). Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2025, p. 1-10.
McGEOUGH, Kevin M. “Will womankind now be hunting?”: the work and economic lives of women at Late Bronze Age Ugarit. In: BUDIN, Stephanie Lynn; TURFA, Jean MacIntosh (eds.). Women in antiquity: real women across the ancient world. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 2021 [2016], p. 476-487.
MEYERS, Carol. Redicovering Eve: ancient Israelite women in context. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
MEYERS, Carol. Women’s daily life (Iron Age Israel). In: BUDIN, Stephanie Lynn; TURFA, Jean MacIntosh (eds.). Women in antiquity: real women across the ancient world. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 2021 [2016], p. 488-500.
MICHEL, Cécile. Women work, men are professionals in the old Assyrian private archives. In: LION, Brigitte; MICHEL, Cécile (eds.). The role of women in work and society in the ancient Near East. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2016, p. 193-208.
MICHEL, Cécile. Cuneiform manuscript culture and gender studies. In: GROSSMANN, Eike (ed.). Female agency in manuscript cultures. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2024, p.103-128.
MIEROOP, Marc van de. Historia del Próximo Oriente antiguo: ca. 3000–323 A.E.C. Trad. A. Piquer y S. Arroyo. Madrid: Trotta, 2020 [2016].
NAKHAI, Beth Alpert. A world of possibilities: Jerusalem’s women in the Iron Age (1000–586 BCE). In: BUDIN, Stephanie Lynn et al. (eds.). Gender and methodology in the ancient Near East: approaches from assyriology and beyond. Barcelona: Edicións de la Universitat de Barcelona, 2018, p. 369-389.
OLMO LETE, Gregorio del; SANMARTÍN, Joaquín. A dictionary of the Ugaritic language in the alphabetic tradition. Third revised edition by Wilfred G.E. Watson. Leiden; Boston: Koninklijke Brill, 2015.
OTTO, Adelheid. Professional women and women at work in Mesopotamia and Syria (3rd and early 2nd millennia BC): the (rare) information from visual images. In: LION, Brigitte; MICHEL, Cécile (eds.). The role of women in work and society in the ancient Near East. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2016, p. 112-148.
PARPOLA, Simo (ed.). Assyrian-English-Assyrian-Dictionary. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, 2007. [AEAD]
PATTERSON, Orlando. Escravidão e morte social: um estudo comparativo. Trad. F.D. Joly. São Paulo: Edusp, 2008 [1982].
PAZ, Sarit. Drums, women, and goddesses: drumming and gender in Iron Age II Israel. Fribourg; Göttingen: Fribourg Academic Press; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2007.
PODANY, Amanda H. Weavers, scribes, and kings: a new history of the ancient Near East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022.
PORTER, Anne. Mobile pastoralism and the formation of Near Eastern civilizations: weaving together society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
RABINOWITZ, Nancy Sorkin. Sex for sale? Interpreting erotica in the Havana collection. In: GLAZEBROOK, Allison; HENRY, Madeleine M. (eds.). Greek prostitutes in the ancient Mediterranean, 800 BCE–200 CE. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011, p. 122-146.
RADNER, Karen. The Assyrian king and his scholars: the Syro-Anatolian and the Egyptian schools. Studia Orientalia, Helsinki, v. 106, p. 221-238, 2009.
RICHARDSON, Seth. Hard times for Sippar women: three Late Old Babylonian cases. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, Berlin, v. 9, n. 2, p. 319-350, 2022.
RICŒUR, Paul. A memória, a história, o esquecimento. Trad. A. François et al. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, 2014 [2000].
ROCHBERG, Francesca. Science and ancient Mesopotamia. In: JONES, Alexander; TAUB, Liba (eds.). Science. Vol. 1: Ancient Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018, p. 7-28.
ROUTLEDGE, Bruce. Is there an Iron Age Levant? Revista del Instituto de Historia Antigua Oriental, Buenos Aires, v. 18, p. 49-76, 2017.
SANMARTÍN, Joaquín (ed. y trad.). Códigos legales de tradición babilónica. Madrid; Barcelona: Trotta; Edicións de la Universitat de Barcelona, 1999.
SANTOS, João Batista Ribeiro. O rei amurrita Yarīm-līm de Yamḫad e a construção de uma dinastia alepino-mariyanum no período protobabilônio. In: ROSSI, Andréa Lúcia Dorini de Oliveira Carvalho; CARVALHO, Margarida Maria de (Orgs.). Representantes do poder e suas ações culturais na Antiguidade e no Medievo. Curitiba: Editora CRV; CAPES, 2024a, p. 15-29.
SANTOS, João Batista Ribeiro. A difusão iconográfica da religião: historiografia de políticas de guerra e representações visuais na Antiguidade Oriental. São Paulo: Alameda Casa Editorial, 2024b.
SANTOS, João Batista Ribeiro. Aleppo, Mari and the aleppine-mariyanum dynastic project in the ancient Syria. Varia Historia, Belo Horizonte, v. 41, p. 1-36, 2025a.
SANTOS, João Batista Ribeiro. Etnicidade e fenômenos de linguagens locais transmitidas: uma reavaliação das condições de construção identitária para além do antigo Oriente-Próximo. Phoînix, Rio de Janeiro, v. 31, n. 1, p. 13-42, 2025b.
SANTOS, João Batista Ribeiro. Transformações estatais na Transjordânia: breve percurso formativo dos reinos de Ammon, Moab e Edom. Reflexão, Campinas, v. 50, p. 1-28, 2025c.
SCHEIDEL, Walter. Violência e a história da desigualdade: da Idade da Pedra ao século XXI. Trad. V. Ribeiro. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2022 [2017].
SCOTT, James C. Contra el Estado: una historia de las civilizaciones del Próximo Oriente antiguo. Trad. A. Cabo, J. Riello y R. Dorado. Madrid: Trotta, 2022 [2017].
SEGATO, Rita. Gênero e colonialidade: do patriarcado comunitário de baixa intensidade ao patriarcado colonial-moderno de alta intensidade. In: Crítica da colonialidade em oito ensaios: e uma antropologia por demanda. Trad. D. Jatobá e D. Gontijo. Rio de Janeiro: Bazar do Tempo, 2023 [2013], p. 85-120.
SERWINT, Nancy. Women and the art of ancient Cyprus. In: BUDIN, Stephanie Lynn; TURFA, Jean MacIntosh (eds.). Women in antiquity: real women across the ancient world. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 2021 [2016], p. 399-415.
SMITH, Stuart T. Crossing boundaries: nomadic groups and ethnic identities. In: BARNARD, Hans; WENDRICH, Willeke (eds.). The archaeology of mobility: old world and new world nomadism. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at University of California, 2008, p. 343-365.
SQUITIERI, Andrea; ALTAWEEL, Mark. Empires and the acceleration of wealth inequality in the pre-Islamic Near East: an archaeological approach. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, Berlin, v. 14, n. 10, p. 1-16, 2022.
STEINER, Margreet L.; KILLEBREW, Ann E. (eds.). The Oxford handbook of the archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000–332 BCE. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
STEINERT, Ulrike. Cows, women and wombs: interrelations between texts and images from the ancient Near East. In: KERTAI, David; NIEUWENHUYSE, Olivier (eds.). From the four corners of the earth. Studies in iconography and cultures of the ancient Near East in honour of F.A.M. Wiggermann. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2017, p. 205-258.
SVÄRD, Saana. Women, power, and heterarchy in the neo-assyrian palaces. In: WILHELM, Gernot (ed.). Organization, representation, and symbols of power in the ancient Near East. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2012, p. 507-518.
TADMOR, Miriam. Realism and convention in the depiction of ancient drummers. In: AMIT, Yairah et al. (eds.). Essays on ancient Israel in its Near Eastern contexts. A tribute to Nadav Na’aman. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2006, p. 321-338.
TASSIGNON, Isabelle. Déesse – prostituée – initiée ? Une proposition d’interprétation des « plaquettes d’Astarté » chypriotes. In: DONNAT, Sylvie; HUNZIKER-RODEWALD, Régine; WEYGAND, Isabelle (éds.). Figurines féminines nues: Proche-Orient, Méditerranée orientale, Asie centrale (VIIIe millénaire av. J.-C.–IVe siècle ap. J.-C.). Paris: Boccard, 2020, p. 319-328.
WEYGAND, Isabelle. Les images de femmes nues à Mari et à Terga (Syrie) du IIIe millénaire au début du IIe millénaire av.J.-C. In: DONNAT, Sylvie; HUNZIKER-RODEWALD, Régine; WEYGAND, Isabelle (éds.). Figurines féminines nues: Proche-Orient, Méditerranée orientale, Asie centrale (VIIIe millénaire av. J.-C.–IVe siècle ap. J.-C.). Paris: Boccard, 2020, p. 195-215.
YASUR-LANDAU, Assaf. Women in Philistia: the archaeological record of the Iron Age. In: BUDIN, Stephanie Lynn; TURFA, Jean MacIntosh (eds.). Women in antiquity: real women across the ancient world. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 2021 [2016], p. 501-510.
ZGOLL, Annette. En-ḫedu-ana: the birth of literature through the goddess. Iraq: Journal of the British Institute for the Study of Iraq, Cambridge, v. 87, p. 1-27, 2024.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dialogos
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht-kommerziell 4.0 International.
DECLARAÇÃO DE ORIGINALIDADE E CESSÃO DE DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Declaro que o presente artigo é original, não tendo sido submetido à publicação em qualquer outro periódico nacional ou internacional, quer seja em parte ou em sua totalidade. Declaro, ainda, que uma vez publicado na revista DIÁLOGOS, editada pela Universidade Estadual de Maringá, o mesmo jamais será submetido por mim ou por qualquer um dos demais co-autores a qualquer outro periódico. Através deste instrumento, em meu nome e em nome dos demais co-autores, porventura existentes, cedo os direitos autorais do referido artigo à Universidade Estadual de Maringá e declaro estar ciente de que a não observância deste compromisso submeterá o infrator a sanções e penas previstas na Lei de Proteção de Direitos Autorias (N. 9609, de 19/02/98).
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY AND COPYRIGHT CESSION
I declare that the present article is original, has not been submitted for publishing on any other national or international journal, neither partly nor fully. I further declare that, once published on DIÁLOGOS journal, edited by the State University of Maringá, it will never be submitted by me or by any of the other co-authors to another journal. By means of this instrument, on my behalf and on behalf of the other co-authors, if any, I waive the copyright of said article to the State University of Maringá and declare that I am aware that non-compliance with this commitment will subject the violator to sanctions and penalties set forth in the Copyright Protection Law (No 9609, of 19/02/98).
