Quando transborda o “caldo cultural”: a reação populista contemporânea e a percepção da imigração no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos
Abstract
O presidente dos EUA, Donald Trump, e o presidente do Brasil, Jair Bolsonaro, usam discurso e política anti-imigração como ferramenta política para atrair e fortalecer suas bases eleitorais. Nos dois casos, o discurso da campanha foi transmitida à administração. As implicações dessa estratégia na percepção pública dos imigrantes serão examinadas com base nas teorias de Michel Foucault sobre biopoder e biopolítica e sua mobilização através do discurso político e das políticas públicas. O estudo questiona até que ponto essa agenda política reacionária de uma minoria motivada representa uma tendência duradoura na opinião pública com respeito ao modelo social que estes dois países têm historicamente praticado, particularmente num ambiente socialmente polarizado
Downloads
Riferimenti bibliografici
ABRAMITZKY, Ran; BOUSTAN, Leah. Immigration in American Economic History. Journal of Economic Literature, Nashville: American Economic Association, v. 55, n.4, p. 1-36, 2017.
ADAMS, Mark. The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.
AGENCE PRESSE FRANCE. Bolsonaro: I ‘admire’ Trump. France 24, 12 Oct. 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.france24.com/en/20181012-bolsonaro-i-admire-trump. Accessed on: Sept. 2, 2019.
AMARAL, Luciana. Imigração não pode ser indiscriminada, diz Bolsonaro sobre estrangeiros. UOL, 9 Jan. 2019. Retrieved from: https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2019/01/09/imigracao-indiscriminada-criterios-bolsonaro.htm. Accessed on: Aug. 17, 2019.
AMERICAN IMMIGRATION COUNCIL. An Overview of U.S. Refugee Law and Policy. Washington D.C., June 2019.
ANDERSON, Jon Lee. Jair Bolsonaro’s Southern Strategy. The New Yorker, 25 Mar. 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/04/01/jair-bolsonaros-southern-strategy. Accessed on: Nov. 5, 2019.
ANDERSON, Warwick; ROQUE, Ricardo; SANTOS, Ricardo Ventura. Luso-tropicalism and Its Discontents: The Making and Unmasking of Racial Exceptionalism. New York: Berghahn, 2019.
APATINGA, Gervin Ane. “Biopower and Immigration”: A Biopolitical Perspective on Anti-Migration Policies. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, IISTE, v. 7, n. 20, p. 38-45, 2017.
BILLER, David. Major Nationwide Protests Add to Bolsonaro’s Reform Headaches. Bloomberg, 16 May 2019. Retrieved from: www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-15/major-nationwide-protests-add-to-bolsonaro-s-reform-headaches. Accessed on: Oct. 15, 2019.
BORJAS, George J. The labor demand curve is downward sloping: Reexamining the impact of immigration on the labor market. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford, v. 118, n. 4, p. 1335-1374, 2003.
BOURDIEU, Pierre. Social Space and Symbolic Power. Sociological Theory, Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association, v. 7, n. 1, p. 14-25, Spring 1989.
BRASIL. Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública. Refúgio em números. 4° Edição. Brasília: DF, 2019a.
BRASIL. Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública. Portaria n. 666 of 25 julho 2019. Official Diário Oficial da União. Ed. 143, Secção 1, p. 166, 2019b. Retrieved from: http://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/portaria-n-666-de-25-de-julho-de-2019-207244569. Accessed on: Ag. 17, 2019.
BROCKWAY, Claire; DOHERTY, Carroll. Growing share of Republicans say U.S. risks losing its identity if it is too open to foreigners. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, 17 July 2019. Retrieved from:https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/07/17/growing-share-of-republicans-say-u-s-risks-losing-its-identity-if-it-is-too-open-to-foreigners/. Accessed on: Sept. 7, 2019.
CARDIN, Valéria Silva Galdino; DA SILVA, Flávia Francielle. Da Lei de Migração Brasileira: Uma Nova Lei em uma Sociedade Culturalmente Conservadora. Revista de Direito Internacional Econômico e Tributário (RDIET), Brasília: Universidade Católica de Brasília, v. 12, n. 2, p. 257-281, July-Dec., 2017.
CARRASCO, Ignacio; SUÁREZ, José Ignacio. Migración internacional e inclusión en América Latina. Políticas Sociales, Santiago: CEPAL, n. 231, p. 1-64, 2018.
CAUGHEY, Devin; O’GRADY, Tom; WASHAW, Christopher. Policy Ideology in European Mass Publics, 1981-2016. American Political Science Review, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, v. 113, n. 3, p. 674-693, 2019.
CIA FACTBOOK. Bolivia. Government of the United States. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_bl.html. Accessed on: Aug. 17, 2019.
CISNEY, Vernon; MORAR. Nicolae. Biopower: Foucault and Beyond. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.
CONNOR, Phillip; BUDIMAN, Abby. Immigrant share in U.S. nears record high but remains below that of many other countries. Washington D.C.: Pew Research Center, 30 Jan. 2019.Retrieved from: www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/30/immigrant-share-in-u-s-nears-record-high-but-remains-below-that-of-many-other-countries/. Accessed on: Oct. 22, 2019.
CONSTITUIÇÃO da República Federativa do Brasil, Supremo Tribunal Federal, Brasília, 2019.
DATAFOLHA. 68% dos brasileiros que tomaram conhecimento da crise venezuelana defendem chegada de refugiados. Opinião Pública, São Paulo, 12 Apr. 2019. Retrieved from:http://datafolha.folha.uol.com.br/opiniaopublica/2019/04/1987729-68-dos-brasileiros-que-tomaram-conhecimento-da-crise-venezuelana-defendem-chegada-de-refugiados.shtml. Accessed on: Sept. 3, 2019.
DÁVILA, Jerry. Diploma de Brancura: Política Social e Racial no Brasil - 1917-1945. São Paulo: Fundação Editora da UNESP, 2005.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE. The Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act), Milestone 1921-1936. Washington D.C.: Office of the Historian. Available at: www.history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act Accessed on: Oct. 17, 2019.
DICKERSON, Caitlin. Migrant Children Are Entitled to Toothbrushes and Soap, Federal Court Rules, The New York Times, 15 Aug. 2019. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/15/us/migrant-children-toothbrushes-court.html Accessed on: Sept. 3, 2019.
DIZIKES, Peter. Public opinion study in Europe shows drop in anti-immigration sentiment, among other changes. MIT News Office, 16 May 2019. Retrieved from: http://news.mit.edu/2019/europe-anti-immigration-drop-0517. Accessed on: Nov. 17, 2019.
DONNAN, Shawn. Trump launches new attack on Puerto Rico ‘ingrates’. The Financial Times, 1 Oct. 2017. Retrieved from: www.ft.com/content/fda1ac52-a5fa-11e7-ab55-27219df83c97. Accessed on: Nov. 4, 2019.
DUSTMANN, Christian; SCHONBERG, Uta; STUHLER, Jan. Labor supply shocks, native wages, and the adjustment of local employment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, v. 132, n. 1, p. 435-483, 2017.
EWING, Walter. Opportunities and Exclusion: A Brief History of U.S. Immigration Policy. Washington D.C.: Immigration Policy Center, Jan. 2012. Retrieved from: https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/opportunity-and-exclusion-brief-history-us-immigration-policy. Accessed on: Nov. 17, 2019.
FARAH, Paulo Daniel. Combates à xenofobia, ao racismo e à intolerância. Revista USP, São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo, n. 114, p. 11-30, July/Aug./Sept. 2017.
FEINBERG, Ayal; BRANTON, Regina; MARTINEZ-EBERS, Valerie. Counties that hosted a 2016 Trump rally saw a 226 percent increase in hate crimes. Washington Post, 22 Mar. 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/03/22/trumps-rhetoric-does-inspire-more-hate-crimes/?noredirect=on#click=https://t.co/bYXsN60xzH. Accessed on: Sept. 4, 2019.
FIGUEREDO, Luiz Orencia; ZANELATTO, João Henrique. Trajetória de migrações no Brasil. Acta Scientiarum, Maringá: Universidade Estadual de Maringá, v. 39, n. 1, p. 77-90. 2017.
FIX, Michael; PASSEL, Jeffrey. Immigration and Immigrants: Setting the Record Straight. Washington D.C.: The Urban Institute, May 1994.
FORREST, Adam. Jair Bolsonaro: the worst quotes from Brazil’s far-right presidential frontrunner. The Independent, 8 Oct. 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-who-is-quotes-brazil-president-election-run-off-latest-a8573901.html. Accessed on: Nov. 17, 2019.
FOUCAULT, Michel. La volonté du savoir. Paris: Gallimard, 1976a.
FOUCAULT, Michel. Il faut défendre la société. Paris: Seuil, 1976b.
FOUCAULT, Michel. The History of Sexuality, [Vol. 1: An Introduction, 1978. Translated by Robert HURLEY]. New York: Pantheon Books, 1998.
GAGNON, Jason. Understanding South-South migration. Development Matters. Paris: OECD, 17 Dec. 2018.
GERALDO, Endrica. O “Perigo Alienígena”: Política imigratória e pensamento racial no governo Vargas (1930-1945). Tese de doutouramento: Universidade Estadual de Campanias, Campinas, Dec. 2007.
GONZALEZ-BARRERA, Ana; CONNOR, Phillip. Around the World, More Say Immigrants Are a Strength Than a Burden. Washington D.C.: Pew Research Center, 14 Mar. 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/03/14/around-the-world-more-say-immigrants-are-a-strength-than-a-burden/. Accessed on: Sept. 12, 2019.
GONZALEZ-BARRERA, Ana; KROGSTAD, Jens. What we know about illegal immigration from Mexico. Washington D.C.: Pew Research Center, 28 June 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/28/what-we-know-about-illegal-immigration-from-mexico/. Accessed on: Sept. 2, 2019.
GREVEN, Thomas. The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Europe and the United States. A Comparative Perspective. Berlin: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, May 2016.
GUARDIAN. Trump to end special legal status for Liberian immigrants. 27 Mar. 2018. Retrieved from: www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/mar/27/trump-liberia-immigrants-end-protection-west-africa. Accessed on: Oct. 24, 2019.
GUARDIAN. Detained migrant children must have access to soap and other basic needs, court rules. 16 Aug. 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/aug/15/immigrant-children-soap-beds-trump-court. Accessed on: Aug. 26, 2019.
HAINMUELLER, Jens; HOPKINS, Daniel J. Political Attitudes Toward Immigrants. Annual Review of Political Science, Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, v. 17, p. 225-249, 2014.
HAJNAL, Zoltan; RIVERA, Michael. Immigration, Latinos, and White Partisan Politics: The New Democratic Defection. American Journal of Political Science, Charlottesville: Midwest Political Science Association, v. 58, n. 4, p. 773-789, Oct. 2014.
HERNÁNDEZ, Kelly. The Crimes and Consequences of Illegal Immigration: A Cross-Border Examination of Operation Wetback, 1943 to 1954. The Western Historical Quarterly, Oxford: Oxford University Press, v. 37, n. 4, p. 421-444, 2006.
HOOGHE, Marc; DASSONNEVILLE, Ruth. Explaining the Trump Vote: The Effect of Racist Resentment and Anti-Immigrant Sentiments. PS: Political Science & Politics, Washington D.C.: American Political Science Association, v. 51, n. 3, p. 528-534, July 2018.
HOPKINS, Daniel J. Politicized Places: Explaining Where and When Immigrants Provoke Local Opposition. American Political Science Review, Washington, D.C., n. 104, p. 40-60, 2010.
INGRAHAM, Christopher. This astonishing chart shows why moderate Republicans are an endangered species. The Washington Post, 2 June 2015. Retrieved from:https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/06/02/this-astonishing-chart-shows-how-republicans-are-an-endangered-species/. Accessed on: Sept. 12, 2019.
IOM. Key Migration Terms. Retrieved from: https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms#Migrant. Accessed on: Sept. 13, 2019.
INOUYE, Stefani. Brazil’s Guedes threatens to quit Mercosur if populist opposition wins Argentina election. Reuters, São Paulo, 15 Aug. 2019. Retrieved from:www.google.com/amp/s/mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKCN1V52A2. Accessed on: Oct. 18, 2019.
KERN, Gustavo da Silva. Biopoder, biopolítica e o discurso eugenista produzido no Brasil. In: XXVIII SIMPÓSIO NACIONAL DE HISTÓRIA. Lugares dos historiadores: velhos e novos desafios. 27-31 July 2015. Florianópolis. Retrieved from: https://anpuh.org.br/uploads/anais-simposios/pdf/2019-01/1548945024_52064356148b909f53b98092ac091b54.pdf. Accessed on: Nov. 17, 2019.
KIRBY, Jen. Trump wants fewer immigrants from “shithole countries” and more from places like Norway. Vox, 11 Jan. 2018. Retrieved from:https://www.vox.com/2018/1/11/16880750/trump-immigrants-shithole-countries-norway. Accessed on: Oct. 25, 2019.
LEMKE, Thomas. Biopolitics: An Advanced Introduction. New York: New York University Press, Feb. 2011.
LEVITSKY, Steven; ZIBLATT, Daniel. How Democracies Die. New York: Crown, 2018.
LONDOÑO, Ernesto. Bolsonaro Pulls Brazil From U.N. Migration Accord. The New York Times, 9 Jan. 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/09/world/americas/bolsonaro-brazil-migration-accord.html. Accessed on: Nov. 17, 2019.
LOPEZ, Mark Hugo; GONZALEZ-BARRERA, Ana; KROGSTAD, Jens Manuel, Jens. 4. Views of immigrations policy. Washington D.C.: Pew Research Center, 25 Oct. 2015. Retrieved from: https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2018/10/25/views-of-immigration-policy/. Accessed on: Sept. 7, 2019.
MALINOWSKI, Matthew. Brazil Abandons UN Treat in Sign of More Migration Backlash. Bloomberg, 11 Dec. 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-12-11/brazil-abandons-un-treaty-in-sign-of-growing-migration-backlash. Accessed on: Sept. 2, 2019.
MANTOVANI, Flávia. 67% dos brasileiros defendem maior controle da entrada de imigrantes. Folha de São Paulo, 28 Dec. 2018a. Retrieved from: https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2018/12/67-dos-brasileiros-defendem-maior-controle-da-entrada-de-imigrantes.shtml. Accessed on: Sept. 3, 2019.
MANTOVANI, Flávia. Brasileiro superestima em 75 vezes o número de imigrantes no país, diz pesquisa. Folha de São Paulo, 21 Dec. 2018b. Retrieved from: https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2018/12/brasileiro-superestima-em-75-vezes-o-numero-de-imigrantes-no-pais-diz-pesquisa.shtml. Accessed on: 17 Aug. 17, 2019.
MARÉS, Chico. #Verificamos: É verdade que Bolsonaro elogiou cavalaria norte-americana por dizimar índios. Folha de São Paulo, 6 Dec. 2018. Retrieved from: https://piaui.folha.uol.com.br/lupa/2018/12/06/verificamos-bolsonaro-cavalaria/. Accessed on: Aug. 19, 2019.
McCARTHY, Tom; SIDDIQUI, Sabrina. Trump hails ‘tremendous victory’ after supreme court upholds travel ban. Guardian, 26 June 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jun/26/trump-supreme-court-upholds-travel-ban. Accessed on: Aug. 19, 2019.
MINISTÉRIO DO PLANEJAMENTO, DESENVOLVIMENTO, e GESTÃO. Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios: Síntese de Indicadores 2015. Brasília: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), 2015. Retrieved from: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv98887.pdf. Accessed on: Sept. 12, 2019.
MELLO, Patrícia Campos. Em carta, agência da ONU condena portaria de Moro que prevê deportação sumária. Folha de São Paulo, 9 Aug. 2019. Retrieved from: https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2019/08/em-carta-agencia-da-onu-condena-portaria-de-moro-que-preve-deportacao-sumaria.shtml. Accessed on: Aug. 17, 2019.
MONK, Ellis Jr. The Consequences of “Race and Color” in Brazil. Social Problems, Oxford: Oxford University Press, n. 63, p. 413-430, 2016.
MORENO, J. C. Revisiting the concept of national identity. In: RODRIGUES, Cristina Carneiro; LUCA, Tania Regina de; GUIMARÃES, Valéria. (Org.). Brazilian Identities: Compositions and Recompositions. 1ed. São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica, 2015, v. 1, p. 7-28.
MUNDIM, Pedro Santos; RODRIGUES DOS SANTOS, Cíntia Soares. Opinião pública sobre estrangeiros no Brasil: o case dos imigrantes haitianos. In: Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores em Comunicação e Política. VIII COMPOLÍTICA. Política e Comunicação Pós-Eleições no Brasil. 15 to 17 May 2019. Universidade de Brasília (Brasília), May 2019. Retrieved from: http://ctpol.unb.br/compolitica2019/GT6/gt6_Mundim_Santos.pdf. Accessed on: Nov. 17, 2019.
NEWMAN, Nic; FLETCHER, Richard; KALOGEROPOULOS, Antonis; LEVY, David; NIELSEN, Rasmus Kleis. Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2018. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 2018.
PANIZZA, Francisco (ed.). Populism and the Mirror of Democracy. London: Verso, 2005.
PHILLIPS, Dom. Jair Bolsonaro launches assault on Amazon rainforest protections. Guardian, 2 Jan. 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/02/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-amazon-rainforest-protections. Accessed on: Aug.19, 2019.
PIRES, Carol. The Trump Ally who is Allowing the Amazon to Burn. The New Yorker, 28 Aug. 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-trump-ally-who-is-allowing-the-amazon-to-burn. Accessed on: Oct. 15, 2019.
REICH, Gary. Hitting a Wall? The Trump Administration Meets Immigration Federalism. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, n. 48, n. 3, p. 372-395, 2018.
REPUCCI, Sarah (ed.). The Global Implication of Populism on Democracy. The Henry. M. Jackson School of International Studies, Seattle: University of Washington, 2018. Retrieved from: https://jsis.washington.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Task-Force_C_2018_Pekkanen_robert.pdf. Accessed on: Aug. 23, 2019.
SANDY, Matt. ‘There Is a Risk to Democracy.’ Brazil Wakes Up to the Reality of a Bolsonaro Presidency. Time, 8 Oct. 2018. Retrieved from:www.time.com/5418582/brazil-bolsonaro-election-first-round/. Accessed on: Oct. 15, 2019.
SCHWADEL, Philip; SMITH, Gregory. Evangelical approval of Trump remains high, but other religious groups are less supportive. Washington D.C.: Pew Research Center, 18 Mar. 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/18/evangelical-approval-of-trump-remains-high-but-other-religious-groups-are-less-supportive/. Accessed on: Nov. 17, 2019.
SERWER, Adam. Jeff Session’s Unqualified Praise for a 1924 Immigration Law. The Atlantic, 10 Jan. 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/01/jeff-sessions-1924-immigration/512591/. Accessed on: Nov. 17, 2019.
SHEAR, Michael; DAVIS, Julie Hirschfeld. Stoking Fears, Trump Defied Bureaucracy to Advance Immigration Agenda. The New York Times, 23 Dec. 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/23/us/politics/trump-immigration.html?_r=0. Accessed on: Aug. 25, 2019.
SILVERSTEIN, Jason. U.S. won’t give flu vaccines to migrants in border detention centers. CBS News, 20 Aug. 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-wont-give-flu-vaccines-to-migrants-in-border-detention-centers-near-mexico-border/. Accessed on: Aug. 25, 2019.
SMELTZ, Dina; DAALDER, Ivo; FRIEDHOFF, Karl; KAFURA, Craig; HELM, Brendan. Rejecting Retreat: Americans Support US Engagement in Global Affairs. Chicago: The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 2019.
SOARES, Jussara. Bolsonaro volta atrás: ‘Maioria dos imigrantes tem boas intenções’. O Globo, 19 Mar. 2019. Retrieved from: https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/bolsonaro-volta-atras-maioria-dos-imigrantes-tem-boas-intencoes-23534610. Accessed on: Aug. 17, 2019.
TARGIONI, Paolo. Políticas migratórias, biopolítica e Estado. In:Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais [ANPOCS]. 41° Encontro Anual da Anpocs. Caxambu, Brazil. 23 to 27 Oct. 2017. Retrieved from: https://anpocs.com/index.php/encontros/papers/41-encontro-anual-da-anpocs/gt-30/gt16-26/10748-politicas-migratorias-biopolitica-e-estado. Accessed on: Nov. 17, 2019.
TERRY, Jennifer. The body invaded: Medical surveillance of women as producers. Socialist Review, London, v. 89, n. 3, p. 13-43, 1989.
UNESCO. Social and Human Sciences: Xenophobia. Retrieved from: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/xenophobia/. Accessed on: Aug. 16, 2019.
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR) Global trends: Forced displacement in 2018. Geneva, 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.unhcr.org/5d08d7ee7.pdf. Accessed on: Sept. 7, 2019.
UNITED NATIONS. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York, 1948.
UNITED NATIONS. International Migration Report 2017: Highlights. New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.unhcr.org/5b27be547.pdf. Accessed on: Sept. 7, 2019.
UNITED STATES. Management Alert – DHS Needs to Address Dangerous Overcrowding and Prolonged Detention of Children and Adults in the Rio Grande Valley, Washington D.C.: Office of Inspector General, Department of Homeland Security, 2 July 2019.
VAINER, Carlos; BRITO, Fausto. Migration and Migrants Shaping Contemporary Brazil, In: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. XXIV General Population Conference, Salvador, Brazil, 18 to 24 Aug. 2001.
VITOR, Frederico. Bolsonaro vê imigrantes como ‘ameaça’ e chama refugiados de ‘a escória do mundo’ [Entrevista]. Jornal Opção, ed. 2097, 18 Sept. 2015. Retrieved from: https://www.jornalopcao.com.br/ultimas-noticias/bolsonaro-ve-imigrantes-como-ameaca-e-chama-refugiados-de-a-escoria-do-mundo-46043/. Accessed on: Aug. 17, 2019.
WEJSA, Shari; LESSER, Jeffrey. Migration in Brazil: The Making of a Multicultural Society. Washington D.C: Migration Policy Institute, 29 Mar. 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migration-brazil-making-multicultural-society. Accessed on: Nov. 17, 2019.
WERMUTH, Maiquel Ângelo Dezordi, A (Bio)Política Migratória Brasileira Entre Utilitarismo E Repressivismo: sobre a necessidade de suplantação da ideia de ‘segurança nacional’ em busca da comunidade que vem. Derecho y Cambio Social, Peru, año 12, n. 39, p. 1-34, 2015. Retrieved from: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5460675. Accessed on: Nov. 17, 2019.
ZAGO DE MARAES, Ana Luisa. A Formação da Política Imigratória Brasileira: da Colonização ao Estado Novo. Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Volume Especial, p. 143-163, 2014.
ZONG, Jie; BATALOVA, Jeanne. Brazilian Immigrants in the United States. Washington D.C.: Migration Policy Institute, 13 July 2016. Retrieved from:https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/brazilian-immigrants-united-states. Accessed on: Aug. 19, 2019.
DECLARAÇÃO DE ORIGINALIDADE E CESSÃO DE DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Declaro que o presente artigo é original, não tendo sido submetido à publicação em qualquer outro periódico nacional ou internacional, quer seja em parte ou em sua totalidade. Declaro, ainda, que uma vez publicado na revista DIÁLOGOS, editada pela Universidade Estadual de Maringá, o mesmo jamais será submetido por mim ou por qualquer um dos demais co-autores a qualquer outro periódico. Através deste instrumento, em meu nome e em nome dos demais co-autores, porventura existentes, cedo os direitos autorais do referido artigo à Universidade Estadual de Maringá e declaro estar ciente de que a não observância deste compromisso submeterá o infrator a sanções e penas previstas na Lei de Proteção de Direitos Autorias (N. 9609, de 19/02/98).
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY AND COPYRIGHT CESSION
I declare that the present article is original, has not been submitted for publishing on any other national or international journal, neither partly nor fully. I further declare that, once published on DIÁLOGOS journal, edited by the State University of Maringá, it will never be submitted by me or by any of the other co-authors to another journal. By means of this instrument, on my behalf and on behalf of the other co-authors, if any, I waive the copyright of said article to the State University of Maringá and declare that I am aware that non-compliance with this commitment will subject the violator to sanctions and penalties set forth in the Copyright Protection Law (No 9609, of 19/02/98).
