Exposure to ultraviolet B radiation or oral supplementation with vitamin D and calcium in leopard geckos: beneficial or not?
Résumé
Vitamin D regulates many fundamental physiologic functions in vertebrates, mainly calcium homeostasis. Because of the diversity of reptile species and the various environmental adaptations, many studies have been conducted to understand the individual needs and adaptations of each specie regarding vitamin D, its importance and acquisition in the wild. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation or vitamin D and calcium oral supplementation on plasma levels of ionized calcium in Eublepharis macularius (Leopard gecko). Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein in two check-up appointments five weeks apart and the concentration of ionized calcium (iCa++) was analyzed in 15 Leopard geckos from different owners and submitted to different environmental conditions: supplemented animals (n = 5), animals exposed to UV radiation (n = 5) and animals not supplemented or exposed to radiation (control) (n = 5). iCa++ plasma levels did not vary significantly (p>0.05) among groups, or within each group during the study. The Leopard gecko has the ability to maintain iCa++ concentration, without any supplementation, for at least 42 days, and the supplemented animals seem not to have benefited from supplementation during this period of time.
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Références
Aloia JF, Dhaliwa, R, Shieh A, Mikhail M, Fazzari M, Ragolia L, Abrams SA. 2014. Vitamin D supplementation increases calcium absorption without a threshold effect. Am J Clin Nutr, 99(3):624-631.
Baines F, Beveridge A, Hitch R, Lane R. 2006. The Transmission of Ultraviolet Light through Reptile Skin Shed. http://uvguide.co.uk/skintests.htm
Baldini G, Phelan KD. 2019. The melanocortin pathway and control of appetite-progress and therapeutic implications. J Endocrinol, 241(1):1-33.
Bernard JB, Allen ME. 1997. Feeding captive insectivorous animals: nutritional aspects of insects as food. Animal Sci, 25:1-7.
Bos JH, Klip FC, Oonincx, DGAB. 2018. Artificial Ultraviolet B Radiation Raises Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 Concentrations in Burmese Pythons (Python Bivittatus). J Zoo Wild Med, 49(3):810-812.
Boskey AL. 2018. Mineralization in Mammals. In Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D, Hewison M (eds): Vitamin D. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA: 383-403.
Boyer TH, Scott PW. 2019. Nutritional Diseases. In Divers SJ, Stahl SJ (eds), Mader’s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA: 932-950.
Carman EN, Ferguson GW, Gehrmann WH, Chen TC, Holick MF. 2000. Photobiosynthetic Opportunity and Ability for UV-B Generated Vitamin D Synthesis in Free-Living House Geckos (Hemidactylus turcicus) and Texas Spiny Lizards (Sceloporus olivaceous). Copeia, 2000(1): 245-250.
Carmel B, Johnson R. 2017. Nutritional and metabolic diseases. Reptile Medicine and Surgery in Clinical Practice, 3:185–195.
Cline J. 2012. Calcium and Vitamin D Metabolism, Deficiency, and Excess. Top Companion Anim Med, 27(4):159–164.
Dahlback H, Wikvall K. 1988. 25-Hydroxylation of vitamin D3 by a cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver mitochondria. Biochem J, 252(1):207–213.
Di Giuseppe M, Martínez-Silvestre A, Luparello M, Faraci L. 2017. Post-ovulatory dystocia in two small lizards: Leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) and crested gecko (correlophus ciliatus). Russ J Herpetol, 24(2), 128–132.
Divers SJ. 2019. Diagnostic Techniques and Sample Collection. In Divers SJ, Stahl SJ (eds): Mader’s Reptile and Amphibian Medi- cine and Surgery. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA: 405-421.
Ferguson GW, Gehrmann WH, Bradley KA, Lawrence B, Hartdegen R, Storms T, Chen T, Holick MF. 2015. Summer and Winter Seasonal Changes in Vitamin D Status of Captive Rhinoceros Iguanas (Cyclura cornuta). J Herpetol Med Surg, 25:128136.
Ferguson GW, Gehrmann WH, Karsten KB, Landwer AJ, Carman EN, Chen TC, Holick MF. 2005. Ultraviolet exposure and vitamin D synthesis in a sun-dwelling and a shade-dwelling species of Anolis: Are there adaptations for lower ultraviolet B and dietary vitamin D3 availability in the shade? Physiol Biochem Zool, 78(2):193-200.
Fleet JC. 2018. Regulation of Intestinal Calcium and Phosphate Absorption. In Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D, Hewison M (eds): Vitamin D. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA: 329–342
Gould A, Molitor L, Rockwell K, Watson M, Mitchell MA. 2018. Evaluating the Physiologic Effects of Short Duration Ultraviolet B Radiation Exposure in Leopard Geckos (Eublepharis macularius). J Herpetol Med Surg, 28(1):34.
Hansen KE, Johnson RE, Chambers KR, Johnson MG, Lemon CC, Vo TNT, Marvdashti S. 2015. Treatment of Vitamin D insufficiency in postmenopausal women: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med, 175(10):1612–1621.
Heaney RP, Barger-Lux MJ, Dowell MS, Chen TC, Holick MF. 1997. Calcium absorptive effects of vitamin D and its major metabolites. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82(12):4111–4116.
Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Hale CA, Bendich A. 2003. Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Am Coll Nutr, 22(2):142–146.
Hedley J, Eatwell K. 2013. The effects of UV light on calcium metabolism in ball pythons (Python regius). Vet Rec 173(14):345.
Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, Doppelt SH. 1981. Regulation of Cutaneous Previtamin D3 Photosynthesis in Man: Skin Pigment is not an Essential Regulator. Science, 211(4482):590–593.
Holick MF. 2014. How Much Sunlight Do We Need? In Reicharth J (ed): Sunlight, Ultraviolet Radiation, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer. Springer Science Business Media: 1–16.
Hossein-Nezhad A, Holick MF. 2013. Vitamin D for health: A global perspective. Mayo Clinic Proc, 88(7):720–755.
Jones G, Prosser DE, Kaufmann M. 2018. The Activating Enzymes of Vitamin D Metabolism (25- and 1α-Hydroxylases). In Vitamin D: In Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D, Hewison M (eds): Vitamin D. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA: 57–79.
Knotkova Z, Morici M, Oliveri M, Knotek Z. 2019. Blood profile in captive adult male leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius). Vet Med, 64(4):172–177.
Larner DP, Adams JS, Hewison M. 2018. Regulation of Renal and Extrarenal 1α-Hydroxylase. In Vitamin D: In Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D, Hewison M (eds): Vitamin D. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA: 117–137.
Lewis RD, Laing EM, Hill Gallant KM, Hall DB, McCabe GP, Hausman DB, Martin BR, Warden SJ, Peacock M, Weaver CM. 2013. A randomized trial of vitamin D3 supplementation in children: Dose-Response effects on vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98(12):4816–4825.
Li H, Vaughan MJ, Browne RK. 2009. A complex enrichment diet improves growth and health in the endangered Wyoming Toad (Bufo baxteri). Zoo Biol, 28(3):197–213.
Lock B. 2017. Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Reptiles. Veterinary Information Network, Inc. https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&catId=102919&id=8012396
Lopes DM, Mcmahon SB. 2016. Ultraviolet Radiation on the Skin: A Painful Experience? CNS Neurosci Ther, 22(2):118–126.
Lupu C, Robins S. 2013. Determination of a Safe and Effective Ultraviolet B Radiant Dose in Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): A Pilot Study. J Avian Med Surg, 27(4):269–279.
MacLaughlin JA, Anderson RR, Holick MF. 1982. Spectral Character of Sunlight Modulates Photosynthesis of Previtamin D3 and its Photoisomers in Human Skin. Science, 216(4549):1001–1003.
Need AG, O’Loughlin PD, Morris HA, Coates PS, Horowitz M, Nordin BEC. 2008. Vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption in severe vitamin D deficiency. J Bone Miner Res, 23(11):1859–1863.
O’Malley B. 2008. Nutritional Problems in Reptiles. WSAVA World Congress Proceedings.
Oonincx DGAB, Van De Wal MD, Bosch G, Stumpel JBG, Heijboer AC, van Leeuwen JPTM, Hendriks WH, Kik M. 2013. Blood vitamin D 3 metabolite concentrations of adult female bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) remain stable after ceasing UVb exposure. Comp Biochem and Physiol, 165(3):196–200.
Oonincx DGAB, Diehl JJE, Kik M, Baines FM, Heijboer AC, Hendriks WH, Bosch G. 2020. The nocturnal leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) uses UVb radiation for vitamin D3 synthesis. Comp Biochem and Physiol: 110506.
Penning MR. 2012. Diet Supplementation in Reptiles: Prevention and Treatment of Common Disorders. NAVC Conference 2012 Small Animal.
Raiti P, Garner MM. 2006. Metastatic Mineralization in a Geoffrey’s Side-Necked Turtle, Phrynops geoffroanus. J Herpetol Med Surg, 16(4):135–139.
Rodrigues AR, Salazar MJ, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Gonçalves IO, Cruz C, Neves D, Almeida H, Magalhães J, Gouveia AM. 2019. Peripherally administered melanocortins induce mice fat browning and prevent obesity. Int J Obes, 43(5):1058–1069.
Rutland CS, Cigler P, Kubale V. 2019. Reptilian Skin and Its Special Histological Structures. In Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology. IntechOpen.
Selleri P, Girolamo ND. 2012. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations in Hermann’s tortoises (Testudo hermanni) exposed to natural sunlight and two artificial ultraviolet radiation sources. Am J Vet Res, 73(11):1781–1786.
Southworth LO, Holick MF, Chen TC, Kunz TH. 2013. Effects of sunlight on behavior and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in two species of Old World fruit bats. DermatoEndocrinol, 5(1):192–198.
Vergneau-Grosset C, Péron F. 2020. Effect of ultraviolet radiation on vertebrate animals: update from ethological and medical perspectives. Photochem Photobiol Sci, 22.
Wallach JD. 1966. Hypervitaminosis D in green iguanas. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 149(7):912–914.
Wangen K, Kirshenbaum J, Mitchell MA. 2013. Measuring 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Leopard Geckos exposed to Commercial Ultraviolet B Lights. ARAV, 42.
Watson MK, Mitchell MA. 2014. Vitamin D and Ultraviolet B Radiation Considerations for Exotic Pets. J Exot Pet Med, 23(4):369–379.
Webb AR, Decosta BR, Holick MF. 1989. Sunlight regulates the cutaneous production of vitamin D3 by causing its photodegradation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 68(5):882–887.
Zehnder D, Bland R, Chana RS, Wheeler DC, Howie AJ, Williams MC, Stewart PM, Hewison M. 2002. Synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by human endothelial cells is regulated by inflammatory cytokines: A novel autocrine determinant of vascular cell adhesion. J Am Soc Nephrol, 13(3):621–629.
Zehnder D, Bland R, Williams MC, McNinch RW, Howie AL, Stewart PM, Hewison M. 2001. Extrarenal Expression of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 -1α-Hydroxylase 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86(2):888–894.
Zehnder D, Hewison M. 1999. The renal function of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1α-hydroxylase. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 151(1–2):213–220.
Baines F, Beveridge A, Hitch R, Lane R. 2006. The Transmission of Ultraviolet Light through Reptile Skin Shed. http://uvguide.co.uk/skintests.htm
Baldini G, Phelan KD. 2019. The melanocortin pathway and control of appetite-progress and therapeutic implications. J Endocrinol, 241(1):1-33.
Bernard JB, Allen ME. 1997. Feeding captive insectivorous animals: nutritional aspects of insects as food. Animal Sci, 25:1-7.
Bos JH, Klip FC, Oonincx, DGAB. 2018. Artificial Ultraviolet B Radiation Raises Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 Concentrations in Burmese Pythons (Python Bivittatus). J Zoo Wild Med, 49(3):810-812.
Boskey AL. 2018. Mineralization in Mammals. In Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D, Hewison M (eds): Vitamin D. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA: 383-403.
Boyer TH, Scott PW. 2019. Nutritional Diseases. In Divers SJ, Stahl SJ (eds), Mader’s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA: 932-950.
Carman EN, Ferguson GW, Gehrmann WH, Chen TC, Holick MF. 2000. Photobiosynthetic Opportunity and Ability for UV-B Generated Vitamin D Synthesis in Free-Living House Geckos (Hemidactylus turcicus) and Texas Spiny Lizards (Sceloporus olivaceous). Copeia, 2000(1): 245-250.
Carmel B, Johnson R. 2017. Nutritional and metabolic diseases. Reptile Medicine and Surgery in Clinical Practice, 3:185–195.
Cline J. 2012. Calcium and Vitamin D Metabolism, Deficiency, and Excess. Top Companion Anim Med, 27(4):159–164.
Dahlback H, Wikvall K. 1988. 25-Hydroxylation of vitamin D3 by a cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver mitochondria. Biochem J, 252(1):207–213.
Di Giuseppe M, Martínez-Silvestre A, Luparello M, Faraci L. 2017. Post-ovulatory dystocia in two small lizards: Leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) and crested gecko (correlophus ciliatus). Russ J Herpetol, 24(2), 128–132.
Divers SJ. 2019. Diagnostic Techniques and Sample Collection. In Divers SJ, Stahl SJ (eds): Mader’s Reptile and Amphibian Medi- cine and Surgery. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA: 405-421.
Ferguson GW, Gehrmann WH, Bradley KA, Lawrence B, Hartdegen R, Storms T, Chen T, Holick MF. 2015. Summer and Winter Seasonal Changes in Vitamin D Status of Captive Rhinoceros Iguanas (Cyclura cornuta). J Herpetol Med Surg, 25:128136.
Ferguson GW, Gehrmann WH, Karsten KB, Landwer AJ, Carman EN, Chen TC, Holick MF. 2005. Ultraviolet exposure and vitamin D synthesis in a sun-dwelling and a shade-dwelling species of Anolis: Are there adaptations for lower ultraviolet B and dietary vitamin D3 availability in the shade? Physiol Biochem Zool, 78(2):193-200.
Fleet JC. 2018. Regulation of Intestinal Calcium and Phosphate Absorption. In Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D, Hewison M (eds): Vitamin D. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA: 329–342
Gould A, Molitor L, Rockwell K, Watson M, Mitchell MA. 2018. Evaluating the Physiologic Effects of Short Duration Ultraviolet B Radiation Exposure in Leopard Geckos (Eublepharis macularius). J Herpetol Med Surg, 28(1):34.
Hansen KE, Johnson RE, Chambers KR, Johnson MG, Lemon CC, Vo TNT, Marvdashti S. 2015. Treatment of Vitamin D insufficiency in postmenopausal women: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med, 175(10):1612–1621.
Heaney RP, Barger-Lux MJ, Dowell MS, Chen TC, Holick MF. 1997. Calcium absorptive effects of vitamin D and its major metabolites. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82(12):4111–4116.
Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Hale CA, Bendich A. 2003. Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Am Coll Nutr, 22(2):142–146.
Hedley J, Eatwell K. 2013. The effects of UV light on calcium metabolism in ball pythons (Python regius). Vet Rec 173(14):345.
Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, Doppelt SH. 1981. Regulation of Cutaneous Previtamin D3 Photosynthesis in Man: Skin Pigment is not an Essential Regulator. Science, 211(4482):590–593.
Holick MF. 2014. How Much Sunlight Do We Need? In Reicharth J (ed): Sunlight, Ultraviolet Radiation, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer. Springer Science Business Media: 1–16.
Hossein-Nezhad A, Holick MF. 2013. Vitamin D for health: A global perspective. Mayo Clinic Proc, 88(7):720–755.
Jones G, Prosser DE, Kaufmann M. 2018. The Activating Enzymes of Vitamin D Metabolism (25- and 1α-Hydroxylases). In Vitamin D: In Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D, Hewison M (eds): Vitamin D. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA: 57–79.
Knotkova Z, Morici M, Oliveri M, Knotek Z. 2019. Blood profile in captive adult male leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius). Vet Med, 64(4):172–177.
Larner DP, Adams JS, Hewison M. 2018. Regulation of Renal and Extrarenal 1α-Hydroxylase. In Vitamin D: In Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D, Hewison M (eds): Vitamin D. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA: 117–137.
Lewis RD, Laing EM, Hill Gallant KM, Hall DB, McCabe GP, Hausman DB, Martin BR, Warden SJ, Peacock M, Weaver CM. 2013. A randomized trial of vitamin D3 supplementation in children: Dose-Response effects on vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98(12):4816–4825.
Li H, Vaughan MJ, Browne RK. 2009. A complex enrichment diet improves growth and health in the endangered Wyoming Toad (Bufo baxteri). Zoo Biol, 28(3):197–213.
Lock B. 2017. Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Reptiles. Veterinary Information Network, Inc. https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&catId=102919&id=8012396
Lopes DM, Mcmahon SB. 2016. Ultraviolet Radiation on the Skin: A Painful Experience? CNS Neurosci Ther, 22(2):118–126.
Lupu C, Robins S. 2013. Determination of a Safe and Effective Ultraviolet B Radiant Dose in Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): A Pilot Study. J Avian Med Surg, 27(4):269–279.
MacLaughlin JA, Anderson RR, Holick MF. 1982. Spectral Character of Sunlight Modulates Photosynthesis of Previtamin D3 and its Photoisomers in Human Skin. Science, 216(4549):1001–1003.
Need AG, O’Loughlin PD, Morris HA, Coates PS, Horowitz M, Nordin BEC. 2008. Vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption in severe vitamin D deficiency. J Bone Miner Res, 23(11):1859–1863.
O’Malley B. 2008. Nutritional Problems in Reptiles. WSAVA World Congress Proceedings.
Oonincx DGAB, Van De Wal MD, Bosch G, Stumpel JBG, Heijboer AC, van Leeuwen JPTM, Hendriks WH, Kik M. 2013. Blood vitamin D 3 metabolite concentrations of adult female bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) remain stable after ceasing UVb exposure. Comp Biochem and Physiol, 165(3):196–200.
Oonincx DGAB, Diehl JJE, Kik M, Baines FM, Heijboer AC, Hendriks WH, Bosch G. 2020. The nocturnal leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) uses UVb radiation for vitamin D3 synthesis. Comp Biochem and Physiol: 110506.
Penning MR. 2012. Diet Supplementation in Reptiles: Prevention and Treatment of Common Disorders. NAVC Conference 2012 Small Animal.
Raiti P, Garner MM. 2006. Metastatic Mineralization in a Geoffrey’s Side-Necked Turtle, Phrynops geoffroanus. J Herpetol Med Surg, 16(4):135–139.
Rodrigues AR, Salazar MJ, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Gonçalves IO, Cruz C, Neves D, Almeida H, Magalhães J, Gouveia AM. 2019. Peripherally administered melanocortins induce mice fat browning and prevent obesity. Int J Obes, 43(5):1058–1069.
Rutland CS, Cigler P, Kubale V. 2019. Reptilian Skin and Its Special Histological Structures. In Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology. IntechOpen.
Selleri P, Girolamo ND. 2012. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations in Hermann’s tortoises (Testudo hermanni) exposed to natural sunlight and two artificial ultraviolet radiation sources. Am J Vet Res, 73(11):1781–1786.
Southworth LO, Holick MF, Chen TC, Kunz TH. 2013. Effects of sunlight on behavior and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in two species of Old World fruit bats. DermatoEndocrinol, 5(1):192–198.
Vergneau-Grosset C, Péron F. 2020. Effect of ultraviolet radiation on vertebrate animals: update from ethological and medical perspectives. Photochem Photobiol Sci, 22.
Wallach JD. 1966. Hypervitaminosis D in green iguanas. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 149(7):912–914.
Wangen K, Kirshenbaum J, Mitchell MA. 2013. Measuring 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Leopard Geckos exposed to Commercial Ultraviolet B Lights. ARAV, 42.
Watson MK, Mitchell MA. 2014. Vitamin D and Ultraviolet B Radiation Considerations for Exotic Pets. J Exot Pet Med, 23(4):369–379.
Webb AR, Decosta BR, Holick MF. 1989. Sunlight regulates the cutaneous production of vitamin D3 by causing its photodegradation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 68(5):882–887.
Zehnder D, Bland R, Chana RS, Wheeler DC, Howie AJ, Williams MC, Stewart PM, Hewison M. 2002. Synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by human endothelial cells is regulated by inflammatory cytokines: A novel autocrine determinant of vascular cell adhesion. J Am Soc Nephrol, 13(3):621–629.
Zehnder D, Bland R, Williams MC, McNinch RW, Howie AL, Stewart PM, Hewison M. 2001. Extrarenal Expression of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 -1α-Hydroxylase 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86(2):888–894.
Zehnder D, Hewison M. 1999. The renal function of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1α-hydroxylase. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 151(1–2):213–220.
Publiée
2024-08-09
Comment citer
Franco, F., Patrício, R., & Faustino, A. (2024). Exposure to ultraviolet B radiation or oral supplementation with vitamin D and calcium in leopard geckos: beneficial or not?. Revista De Ciência Veterinária E Saúde Pública, 11(2), 66-82. https://doi.org/10.4025/revcivet.v11i2.64006
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Artigos Originais
Declaro que o presente artigo é original, não tendo sido submetido à publicação em qualquer outro periódico nacional ou internacional, quer seja em parte ou em sua totalidade. Declaro, ainda, que uma vez publicado na revista Arquivo de Medicina veterinária e Saúde Pública da UEM, editada pela Universidade Estadual de Maringá, o mesmo jamais será submetido por mim ou por qualquer um dos demais co-autores a qualquer outro periódico. Através deste instrumento, em meu nome e em nome dos demais co-autores, porventura existentes, cedo os direitos autorais do referido artigo à Universidade Estadual de Maringá e declaro estar ciente de que a não observância deste compromisso submeterá o infrator a sanções e penas previstas na Lei de Proteção de Direitos Autorias (Nº9609, de 19/02/98).
