The Journey of Biomaterials: From Empirical Beginnings to Smart Materials Engineering
Abstract
Objective: this literature review traces the historical trajectory of biomaterials, addressing their conceptual evolution, applications since antiquity, the development of biocompatibility, and their progression through generations. Methods: searches were conducted in the SciELO, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases, using the relevance of the articles and the quality of the presented content as selection criteria. Results: the analysis reveals that the use of materials in the body dates back to prehistory, progressing from empirical to scientific practices, driven by clinical needs and historical events, with biocompatibility becoming a central concern. Four generations were identified – inert, bioactive/biodegradable, regenerative, and smart – demonstrating increasing functional complexity. Conclusion: it is concluded that the field has evolved from rudimentary uses to a multidisciplinary science, generating transformative medical advances, with continuous innovation seeking materials capable of increasingly controlled and beneficial biological interactions.
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