Infección del sitio quirúrgico en pacientes sometidos a cirugía neurológica y ortopédica
Resumen
Objetivo: analizar la incidencia de las infecciones de sitio quirúrgico (ISC) en pacientes sometidos a cirugías neurológicas y ortopédicas y sus determinantes en un hospital público. Método: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, realizado entre pacientes sometidos a cirugías neurológicas y ortopédicas, de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2020. Resultados: de los 3.029 procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados, 1.327 (43,8%) fueron neuroquirúrgicos; y 1.702 (56,2%), ortopédicos. La incidencia de la ISC fue 6,7% (89) en neurocirugía y 3,3% (56) en ortopedias. La tasa global y de muertes fue 4,8% y 12,4%, respectivamente. En el análisis univariado, los factores de riesgo asociados a las ISC en neurocirugía involucraron tiempo quirúrgico (>231 minutos), puntuación de la American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) mayor que dos y cirugías de emergencia; para los procedimientos ortopédicos: cirugías de emergencia, tiempo de internación preoperatorio (> cuatro días) y quirúrgico (>149 minutos). En el análisis multivariado, permanecieron cirugías de emergencia y mayor tiempo quirúrgico como factores de riesgo de ISC para ambas especialidades; y, para las cirugías ortopédicas y neurológicas, tiempo de internación preoperatorio y clasificación ASA, respectivamente. Conclusión: la tasa de incidencia de las ISC y de mortalidad, así como los factores de riesgo identificados en este estudio, debenser consideradosa la hora de elaborar estrategias para prevenir y controlar estas infecciones.
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