THEORETICAL MODELS OF SUICIDE: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Keywords:
Suicide;, suicide attempt;, literature review.
Abstract
Suicide is a serious public health problem worldwide. Understanding its manifestation is important to outline future interventions. This narrative review of the literature aimed to discuss some of the most recent and prominently referenced theoretical models in the literature about suicide: Cognitive Model of Suicidal Acts, Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model of Suicidal Behavior, and Three-Step Theory. Also, we analyzed the explanatory variables the models have in common and the empirical evidence that supports them. The models indicate relationships between individual and contextual aspects and complement each other to understand suicide. While the literature extensively elucidates factors associated with suicidal ideation, the differentiation and transition from ideation to suicide attempts demand further elucidation to help identify people at risk of death and develop effective prevention and treatment actions. Despite being a premise of explanatory models, there was a lack of longitudinal studies that help predict suicide. The explanatory variables, supported by empirical evidence, can contribute to qualifying public health policies to combat the phenomenon.
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References
Anestis, M. D., & Anestis, J. C. (2015). Suicide Rates and State Laws Regulating Access and Exposure to Handguns. American Journal of Public Health, 105(10), 2049–2058. doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302753
Anestis, M. D., Khazem, L. R., Law, K. C., Houtsma, C., LeTard, R., Moberg, F., & Martin, R. (2015). The Association Between State Laws Regulating Handgun Ownership and Statewide Suicide Rates. American Journal of Public Health, 105(10), 2059–2067. doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302465
Anestis, J. C., Anestis, M. D., & Preston, O. C. (2018). Psychopathic personality traits as a form of dispositional capability for suicide. Psychiatry Research, 262, 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.003
Baertschi, M., Costanza, A., Richard-Lepouriel, H., Pompili, M., Sarasin, F., Weber, K., & Canuto, A. (2017). The application of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide to a sample of Swiss patients attending a psychiatric emergency department for a non-lethal suicidal event. Journal of affective disorders, 210, 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.049
Barzilay, S., Feldman, D., Snir, A., Apter, A., Carli, V., Hoven, C. W., Wasserman, C., Sarchiapone, M., & Wasserman, D. (2015). The interpersonal theory of suicide and adolescent suicidal behavior. Journal of affective disorders, 183, 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.047
Becker, S. P., Foster, J. A., & Luebbe, A. M. (2020). A test of the interpersonal theory of suicide in college students. Journal of affective disorders, 260, 73–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.005
Belsher, B. E., Smolenski, D. J., Pruitt, L. D., Bush, N. E., Beech, E. H., Workman, D. E., ... Skopp, N. A. (2019). Prediction Models for Suicide Attempts and Deaths: A Systematic Review and Simulation. JAMA psychiatry, 76(6), 642–651. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0174
Borges, G., Nock, M. K., Abad, J. M. H., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. A., Alonso, J., … Kessler, R. C. (2010). Twelve-month prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 71(12), 1617–1628. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04967blu
Bostwick, J. M., Pabbati, C., Geske, J. R., & McKean, A. J. (2016). Suicide Attempt as a Risk Factor for Completed Suicide: Even More Lethal Than We Knew. The American journal of psychiatry, 173(11), 1094–1100. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15070854
Branley-Bell, D., O'Connor, D. B., Green, J. A., Ferguson, E., O'Carroll, R. E., & O'Connor, R. C. (2019). Distinguishing suicide ideation from suicide attempts: Further test of the Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model of Suicidal Behaviour. Journal of psychiatric research, 117, 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.07.007
Burón, P., Jimenez-Trevino, L., Saiz, P. A., García-Portilla, M. P., Corcoran, P., Carli, V., ... Bobes, J. (2016). Reasons for Attempted Suicide in Europe: Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Risk of Repetition. Archives of suicide research : official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 20(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2015.1004481
Chu, C., Hom, M. A., Stanley, I. H., Gai, A. R., Nock, M. K., Gutierrez, P. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2018). Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A study of the explanatory roles of the interpersonal theory variables among military service members and veterans. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 86(1), 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000262
Dhingra, K., Boduszek, D., & O'Connor, R. C. (2015). Differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators using the Integrated Motivational-Volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Journal of affective disorders, 186, 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.007
Dhingra, K., Boduszek, D., & O'Connor, R. C. (2016). A structural test of the Integrated Motivational-Volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Psychiatry research, 239, 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.023
Dhingra, K., Klonsky, E. D., & Tapola, V. (2019). An Empirical Test of the Three-Step Theory of Suicide in U.K. University Students. Suicide & life-threatening behavior, 49(2), 478–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12437
Durkheim, E. (1973). O suicídio: estudo de sociologia. Lisboa: Presença.
Forkmann, T., & Teismann, T. (2017). Entrapment, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness as predictors of suicide ideation. Psychiatry research, 257, 84–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.031
Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Fox, K. R., Bentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., Huang, X., ... Nock, M. K. (2017). Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 143(2), 187-232. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000084
Glaesmer, H., Hallensleben, N., Forkmann, T., Spangenberg, L., Kapusta, N., & Teismann, T. (2017). Testing the main prediction of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in a representative sample of the German general population. Journal of affective disorders, 211, 150–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.010
Granato, S., Boone, S., Kuhlman, S., & Smith, P. N. (2018). Violence victimization and perpetration in relation to fearlessness about death in suicidal psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 10(3), 202-209. https://doi.org/10.1108/JACPR-07-2017-0307
Guidry, E. T., & Cukrowicz, K. C. (2016). Death ideation in older adults: psychological symptoms of depression, thwarted belongingness, and perceived burdensomeness. Aging & mental health, 20(8), 823–830. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1040721
Hallensleben, N., Glaesmer, H., Forkmann, T., Rath, D., Strauss, M., Kersting, A., & Spangenberg, L. (2019). Predicting suicidal ideation by interpersonal variables, hopelessness and depression in real-time. An ecological momentary assessment study in psychiatric inpatients with depression. European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 56, 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.003
Houtsma, C., & Anestis, M. D. (2017). Practical capability: The impact of handgun ownership among suicide attempt survivors. Psychiatry research, 258, 88–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.064
Joiner, T. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, MA, US: Harvard University Press.
Klonsky, E. D., & May, A. M. (2014). Differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators: a critical frontier for suicidology research. Suicide & life-threatening behavior, 44(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12068
Klonsky, E. D., & May, A. M. (2015). The Three-Step Theory (3ST): A new theory of suicide rooted in the “ideation-to-action” framework. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(2), 114–129. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.114
Logan, J., Hall, J., & Karch, D. (2011). Suicide Categories by Patterns of Known Risk Factors: A Latent Class Analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(9), 935–941. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.85
Miché, M., Hofer, P. D., Voss, C., Meyer, A. H., Gloster, A. T., Beesdo-Baum, K., ... Lieb, R. (2020). Specific traumatic events elevate the risk of a suicide attempt in a 10-year longitudinal community study on adolescents and young adults. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 29(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01335-3
Ministério da Saúde - Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (2017). Suicídio: saber, agir e prevenir. Boletim Epidemiológico, 48(30).
O'Connor, R. C. (2011). The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behavior. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 32(6), 295-298. doi: 10. 1027/0227-5910/a000120
O’Connor, R. C., Kirtley, O. J. (2018). The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1754). doi: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0268
Paashaus, L., Forkmann, T., Glaesmer, H., Juckel, G., Rath, D., Schönfelder, A., Engel, P., & Teismann, T. (2019). Do suicide attempters and suicide ideators differ in capability for suicide?. Psychiatry research, 275, 304–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.038
Page, A., Liu, S., Gunnell, D., Astell-Burt, T., Feng, X., Wang, L., & Zhou, M. (2017). Suicide by pesticide poisoning remains a priority for suicide prevention in China: Analysis of national mortality trends 2006–2013. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208, 418-423. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.047
Rasmussen, S., Cramer, R. J., McFadden, C., Haile, C. R., Sime, V. L., & Wilsey, C. N. (2019). Sexual Orientation and the Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model of Suicidal Behavior: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study of Young Adults in the United Kingdom. Archives of suicide research : official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 1–19. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.1691693
Sousa, G. S., Perrelli, J. G. A., Mangueira, S. O., Lopes, M. V. O., & Sougey, E. B. (2020). Clinical validation of the nursing diagnosis risk for suicide in the older adults. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 34(2), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.01.003
Teismann, T., Glaesmer, H., von Brachel, R., Siegmann, P., & Forkmann, T. (2017). A Prospective Examination of Perceived Burdensomeness and Thwarted Belongingness As Risk Factors for Suicide Ideation In Adult Outpatients Receiving Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. Journal of clinical psychology, 73(10), 1393–1402. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22441
Tucker, R. P., Hagan, C. R., Hill, R. M., Slish, M. L., Bagge, C. L., Joiner, T. E., Jr, & Wingate, L. R. (2018). Empirical extension of the interpersonal theory of suicide: Investigating the role of interpersonal hopelessness. Psychiatry research, 259, 427–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.005
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E., Jr (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological review, 117(2), 575–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018697
Wenzel, A., Brown, G. K., & Beck, A. T. (2010). Terapia cognitivo-comportamental para pacientes suicidas. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., Eschle, S., Ferguson, E., O'Connor, D. B., O'Carroll, R. E., & O'Connor, R. C. (2018). From ideation to action: Differentiating between those who think about suicide and those who attempt suicide in a national study of young adults. Journal of affective disorders, 241, 475–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.074
World Health Organization [WHO] (2014). Preventing Suicide: A global imperative. Geneve: World Health Organization.
Yang, L., Liu, X., Chen, W., & Li, L. (2018). A Test of the Three-Step Theory of Suicide among Chinese People: A Study Based on the Ideation-to-Action Framework. Archives of suicide research: official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 23(4), 648–661. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2018.1497563
Anestis, M. D., Khazem, L. R., Law, K. C., Houtsma, C., LeTard, R., Moberg, F., & Martin, R. (2015). The Association Between State Laws Regulating Handgun Ownership and Statewide Suicide Rates. American Journal of Public Health, 105(10), 2059–2067. doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302465
Anestis, J. C., Anestis, M. D., & Preston, O. C. (2018). Psychopathic personality traits as a form of dispositional capability for suicide. Psychiatry Research, 262, 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.003
Baertschi, M., Costanza, A., Richard-Lepouriel, H., Pompili, M., Sarasin, F., Weber, K., & Canuto, A. (2017). The application of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide to a sample of Swiss patients attending a psychiatric emergency department for a non-lethal suicidal event. Journal of affective disorders, 210, 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.049
Barzilay, S., Feldman, D., Snir, A., Apter, A., Carli, V., Hoven, C. W., Wasserman, C., Sarchiapone, M., & Wasserman, D. (2015). The interpersonal theory of suicide and adolescent suicidal behavior. Journal of affective disorders, 183, 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.047
Becker, S. P., Foster, J. A., & Luebbe, A. M. (2020). A test of the interpersonal theory of suicide in college students. Journal of affective disorders, 260, 73–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.005
Belsher, B. E., Smolenski, D. J., Pruitt, L. D., Bush, N. E., Beech, E. H., Workman, D. E., ... Skopp, N. A. (2019). Prediction Models for Suicide Attempts and Deaths: A Systematic Review and Simulation. JAMA psychiatry, 76(6), 642–651. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0174
Borges, G., Nock, M. K., Abad, J. M. H., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. A., Alonso, J., … Kessler, R. C. (2010). Twelve-month prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 71(12), 1617–1628. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04967blu
Bostwick, J. M., Pabbati, C., Geske, J. R., & McKean, A. J. (2016). Suicide Attempt as a Risk Factor for Completed Suicide: Even More Lethal Than We Knew. The American journal of psychiatry, 173(11), 1094–1100. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15070854
Branley-Bell, D., O'Connor, D. B., Green, J. A., Ferguson, E., O'Carroll, R. E., & O'Connor, R. C. (2019). Distinguishing suicide ideation from suicide attempts: Further test of the Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model of Suicidal Behaviour. Journal of psychiatric research, 117, 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.07.007
Burón, P., Jimenez-Trevino, L., Saiz, P. A., García-Portilla, M. P., Corcoran, P., Carli, V., ... Bobes, J. (2016). Reasons for Attempted Suicide in Europe: Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Risk of Repetition. Archives of suicide research : official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 20(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2015.1004481
Chu, C., Hom, M. A., Stanley, I. H., Gai, A. R., Nock, M. K., Gutierrez, P. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2018). Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A study of the explanatory roles of the interpersonal theory variables among military service members and veterans. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 86(1), 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000262
Dhingra, K., Boduszek, D., & O'Connor, R. C. (2015). Differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators using the Integrated Motivational-Volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Journal of affective disorders, 186, 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.007
Dhingra, K., Boduszek, D., & O'Connor, R. C. (2016). A structural test of the Integrated Motivational-Volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Psychiatry research, 239, 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.023
Dhingra, K., Klonsky, E. D., & Tapola, V. (2019). An Empirical Test of the Three-Step Theory of Suicide in U.K. University Students. Suicide & life-threatening behavior, 49(2), 478–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12437
Durkheim, E. (1973). O suicídio: estudo de sociologia. Lisboa: Presença.
Forkmann, T., & Teismann, T. (2017). Entrapment, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness as predictors of suicide ideation. Psychiatry research, 257, 84–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.031
Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Fox, K. R., Bentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., Huang, X., ... Nock, M. K. (2017). Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 143(2), 187-232. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000084
Glaesmer, H., Hallensleben, N., Forkmann, T., Spangenberg, L., Kapusta, N., & Teismann, T. (2017). Testing the main prediction of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in a representative sample of the German general population. Journal of affective disorders, 211, 150–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.010
Granato, S., Boone, S., Kuhlman, S., & Smith, P. N. (2018). Violence victimization and perpetration in relation to fearlessness about death in suicidal psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 10(3), 202-209. https://doi.org/10.1108/JACPR-07-2017-0307
Guidry, E. T., & Cukrowicz, K. C. (2016). Death ideation in older adults: psychological symptoms of depression, thwarted belongingness, and perceived burdensomeness. Aging & mental health, 20(8), 823–830. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1040721
Hallensleben, N., Glaesmer, H., Forkmann, T., Rath, D., Strauss, M., Kersting, A., & Spangenberg, L. (2019). Predicting suicidal ideation by interpersonal variables, hopelessness and depression in real-time. An ecological momentary assessment study in psychiatric inpatients with depression. European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 56, 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.003
Houtsma, C., & Anestis, M. D. (2017). Practical capability: The impact of handgun ownership among suicide attempt survivors. Psychiatry research, 258, 88–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.064
Joiner, T. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, MA, US: Harvard University Press.
Klonsky, E. D., & May, A. M. (2014). Differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators: a critical frontier for suicidology research. Suicide & life-threatening behavior, 44(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12068
Klonsky, E. D., & May, A. M. (2015). The Three-Step Theory (3ST): A new theory of suicide rooted in the “ideation-to-action” framework. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(2), 114–129. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.114
Logan, J., Hall, J., & Karch, D. (2011). Suicide Categories by Patterns of Known Risk Factors: A Latent Class Analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(9), 935–941. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.85
Miché, M., Hofer, P. D., Voss, C., Meyer, A. H., Gloster, A. T., Beesdo-Baum, K., ... Lieb, R. (2020). Specific traumatic events elevate the risk of a suicide attempt in a 10-year longitudinal community study on adolescents and young adults. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 29(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01335-3
Ministério da Saúde - Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (2017). Suicídio: saber, agir e prevenir. Boletim Epidemiológico, 48(30).
O'Connor, R. C. (2011). The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behavior. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 32(6), 295-298. doi: 10. 1027/0227-5910/a000120
O’Connor, R. C., Kirtley, O. J. (2018). The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1754). doi: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0268
Paashaus, L., Forkmann, T., Glaesmer, H., Juckel, G., Rath, D., Schönfelder, A., Engel, P., & Teismann, T. (2019). Do suicide attempters and suicide ideators differ in capability for suicide?. Psychiatry research, 275, 304–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.038
Page, A., Liu, S., Gunnell, D., Astell-Burt, T., Feng, X., Wang, L., & Zhou, M. (2017). Suicide by pesticide poisoning remains a priority for suicide prevention in China: Analysis of national mortality trends 2006–2013. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208, 418-423. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.047
Rasmussen, S., Cramer, R. J., McFadden, C., Haile, C. R., Sime, V. L., & Wilsey, C. N. (2019). Sexual Orientation and the Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model of Suicidal Behavior: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study of Young Adults in the United Kingdom. Archives of suicide research : official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 1–19. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.1691693
Sousa, G. S., Perrelli, J. G. A., Mangueira, S. O., Lopes, M. V. O., & Sougey, E. B. (2020). Clinical validation of the nursing diagnosis risk for suicide in the older adults. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 34(2), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.01.003
Teismann, T., Glaesmer, H., von Brachel, R., Siegmann, P., & Forkmann, T. (2017). A Prospective Examination of Perceived Burdensomeness and Thwarted Belongingness As Risk Factors for Suicide Ideation In Adult Outpatients Receiving Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. Journal of clinical psychology, 73(10), 1393–1402. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22441
Tucker, R. P., Hagan, C. R., Hill, R. M., Slish, M. L., Bagge, C. L., Joiner, T. E., Jr, & Wingate, L. R. (2018). Empirical extension of the interpersonal theory of suicide: Investigating the role of interpersonal hopelessness. Psychiatry research, 259, 427–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.005
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E., Jr (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological review, 117(2), 575–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018697
Wenzel, A., Brown, G. K., & Beck, A. T. (2010). Terapia cognitivo-comportamental para pacientes suicidas. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., Eschle, S., Ferguson, E., O'Connor, D. B., O'Carroll, R. E., & O'Connor, R. C. (2018). From ideation to action: Differentiating between those who think about suicide and those who attempt suicide in a national study of young adults. Journal of affective disorders, 241, 475–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.074
World Health Organization [WHO] (2014). Preventing Suicide: A global imperative. Geneve: World Health Organization.
Yang, L., Liu, X., Chen, W., & Li, L. (2018). A Test of the Three-Step Theory of Suicide among Chinese People: A Study Based on the Ideation-to-Action Framework. Archives of suicide research: official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 23(4), 648–661. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2018.1497563
Published
2024-03-27
How to Cite
Silveira Ligório, I., Ruoso Godoi, A., Fernandes Soares, G., & Habigzang, L. F. (2024). THEORETICAL MODELS OF SUICIDE: A NARRATIVE REVIEW. Psicologia Em Estudo, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.4025/psicolestud.v29i1.56282
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