Analisando fotografias escolares na era da Inteligência Artificial
Analisando fotografias escolares na era da Inteligência Artificial:
Resumo
Nossos objetivos são explorar a interseção entre fotografias históricas digitalizadas em larga escala; aplicar técnicas estatísticas avançadas para sua análise; integrar desses métodos quantitativos com abordagens qualitativas; incorporar a visão computacional orientada por IA e interpretar humanisticamente o que une esses elementos. Nossa abordagem combinou dois métodos das ciências sociais: análise de conteúdo e análise de correspondência múltipla. Ao integrar essas metodologias, conseguimos analisar grandes conjuntos de fotografias sistematicamente. Na era da inteligência artificial, essa abordagem de métodos mistos também deve incorporar as possibilidades que a IA nos oferece; neste artigo, utilizamos a visão computacional para codificar fotografias existentes e criticamos os resultados gerados pela IA.
Downloads
Referências
Allender, T., Dussel, I., Grosvenor, I., & Priem, K. (Eds.). (2021). Appearances matter: The visual in educational history. De Gruyter.
Ariès, P. (1962). Centuries of childhood: A social history of family life. Alfred A. Knopf. (Original work published 1960)
Banks, M. (2001). Visual methods in social research. Sage.
Barthes, R. (1967). Elements of semiology. Jonathan Cape. (Original work published 1957)
Bell, P. (2001). Content analysis of visual images. In T. van Leeuwen & C. Jewitt (Eds.), Handbook of visual analysis (pp. 10–34). Sage.
Benzécri, J. P. (1973). L’analyse des données. Tome II: L’analyse des correspondances. Dunod.
Benzécri, J. P. (1992). Correspondence analysis handbook. Marcel Dekker.
Berger, J. (1972). Ways of seeing. Penguin.
Bock, A., Isermann, H., & Knieper, T. (2011). Quantitative content analysis of the visual. In E. Margolis & L. Pauwels (Eds.), The Sage handbook of visual research methods (pp. 265–282). Sage.
Boehm, G. (Ed.). (1994). Was ist ein Bild? Verlag Wilhelm Fink.
Boeije, H. (2010). Analysis in qualitative research. Sage.
Borchert, J. (1982). Historical photo-analysis: A research method. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, 15(1), 35–44.
Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgment of taste. Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1979)
Braster, S. (2011). Educational change and Dutch classroom photographs. A qualitative and quantitative analysis. In S. Braster, I. Grosvenor & M.M. del Pozo Andrés (Eds.). The black box of schooling: A cultural history of the classroom (pp. 21-37). Peter Lang.
Braster, S., & Del Pozo Andrés, M.M. (2015). Education and the children’s colonies in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939): The images of the community ideal, Paedagogica Historica, 51(4), 455-477.
Braster, S. (2025). Artificial Intelligence: A new grammar or the end of knowledge? Lessons for historians of education. Educació i Història, 45, 117-141.
Burke, P. (2005). Eyewitnessing: The uses of images as historical evidence. University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 2001)
Burrows, T. (2023). Reproducibility, verifiability, and computational historical research. International Journal of Digital Humanities, 5, 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42803-023-00068-9
Comas Rubí, F., Priem, K., & González-Gómez, S. (Eds.). (2022). Media matter: Images as presenters, mediators, and means of observation. De Gruyter.
Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage.
Cuban, L. (1990). How teachers taught: Constancy and change in American classrooms, 1880–1990 (2nd ed.). Teachers College Press.
Del Pozo Andrés, M.M., & Braster, S. (2020). The visual turn in the history of education. In T. Fitzgerald (Eds), Handbook of historical studies in education. Springer International Handbooks of Education (pp. 893–908). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2362-0_53
Dowdall, G. W., & Golden, J. (1989). Photographs as data: An analysis of images from a mental hospital. Qualitative Sociology, 12(2), 183–213.
Evans, J., & Hall, S. (Eds.). (1999). Visual culture: The reader. Sage.
Fogel, R. W., & Elton, G. R. (1983). Which road to the past? Two views of history. Yale University Press.
Franzosi, R. (2017). A third road to the past? Historical scholarship in the age of big data. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, 50(4), 227–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/01615440.2017.1361879
Galambos, L. (1975). The public image of big business in America, 1880–1940: A quantitative study in social change. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. Basic Books.
Gifi, A. (1981). Nonlinear multivariate analysis. University of Leiden.
Gifi, A. (1990). Nonlinear multivariate analysis. Wiley.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2006). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine Transaction. (Original work published 1967)
Gombrich, E. H. (2014). Art and illusion: A study in the psychology of pictorial representation. Phaidon Press. (Original work published 1960)
Greenacre, M. (2016). Correspondence analysis in practice (3rd ed.). Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Grosvenor, I., Lawn, M., & Rousmaniere, K. (Eds.). (1999). Silences & images: The social history of the classroom. Peter Lang.
Harper, D. (2023). Visual sociology (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Howells, R., & Negreiros, J. (2018). Visual culture (2nd ed.). Polity.
Hunt, L. (Ed.). (1989). The new cultural history. University of California Press.
IBM Knowledge Center. (2019). Multiple correspondence analysis. https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSLVMB_24.0.0/spss/categories/idh_mcan.html
Jost, J., et al. (2023). Computational history: Challenges and opportunities of formal approaches. Journal of Social Computing, 4(3), 232–242. https://doi.org/10.23919/JSC.2023.0017
Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. (1996). Reading images: The grammar of visual design. Routledge.
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage.
Ladurie, E. (1968, May 8). L’historien et l’ordinateur. Le Nouvel Observateur, 2–3.
Leeuwen, T. van, & Jewitt, C. (Eds.). (2001). Handbook of visual analysis. Sage.
Llorca y García, Á. (2008). Comunidades familiares de educación. Octaedro.
Margolis, E. (1999). Class pictures: Representations of race, gender and ability in a century of school photography. Visual Sociology, 14(1), 7–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725869908583800
Mietzner, U., Myers, K., & Peim, N. (Eds.). (2005). Visual history: Images of education. Peter Lang.
Mirzoeff, N. (Ed.). (1998). The visual culture reader. Routledge.
Mitchell, W. J. T. (1994). Picture theory: Essays on verbal and visual representation. University of Chicago Press.
Nóvoa, A. (2000). Ways of saying, ways of seeing: Public images of teachers (19th–20th centuries). Paedagogica Historica, 36(1), 20–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/0030923000360102
OpenAI. (2025a). ChatGPT (January 30 version) [Large language model]. https://chatgpt.com
OpenAI. (2025b). ChatGPT (January 30 version) [Large language model]. https://chatgpt.com
OpenAI. (2025c). ChatGPT (January 30 version) [Large language model]. https://chatgpt.com
Panofsky, E. (1970). Meaning in the visual arts. Penguin. (Original work published 1955)
Pauwels, L., & Mannay, D. (Eds.). (2020). The Sage handbook of visual research methods (2nd ed.). Sage.
Perlmutter, D. D. (1994). Visual historical methods: Problems, prospects, applications. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, 27(4), 167–184.
Pink, S. (2001). Doing visual ethnography. Sage.
Prosser, J. (Ed.). (2000). Image-based research: A sourcebook for qualitative researchers. Falmer Press.
Rorty, R. (1967). The linguistic turn: Recent essays in philosophical method. University of Chicago Press.
Rose, G. (2022). Visual methodologies: An introduction to researching with visual materials (5th ed.). Sage. (Original work published 2001)
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2007). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Sage.
Sturken, M., & Cartwright, L. (2001). Practices of looking: An introduction to visual culture. Oxford University Press.
Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2010). The Sage handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (2nd ed.). Sage.
Tilly, C. (1990). How (and what) are historians doing? American Behavioral Scientist, 33(6), 685–711.
Tyack, D., & Cuban, L. (1995). Tinkering toward utopia: A century of public school reform. Harvard University Press.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sjaak Braster, Maria del Mar Del Pozo Andrés (Autor)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Os direitos autorais pertencem exclusivamente aos autores. Os direitos de licenciamento utilizados pelo periódico consistem na licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0): são permitidos o acompartilhamento (cópia e distribuição do material em qualqer meio ou formato) e adaptação (remix, transformação e criação de material a partir do conteúdo assim licenciado) para quaisquer fins, inclusive comerciais.
Recomenda-se a leitura desse link para maiores informações sobre o tema: fornecimento de créditos e referências de forma correta, entre outros detalhes cruciais para uso adequado do material licenciado.





